高级英语短语、修辞手法和课后答案Unit1、Unit2、Unit3、Unit6、Unit7、Unit12和Unit14.doc

30Unit1【短语与表达】1. Be concerned about sth. 担心，忧虑 。例：Please dont be concerned about me. 感兴趣，关心。例：Now the students are concerned about the result of the exam.2. Be strewn with. 布满例：Our way ahead is strewn with difficulties. 我们前面的道路布满艰难险阻3. Break up. 粉碎；破碎。例：That ship broke up on the rocks.那艘船触礁撞碎了。散开；解散。例：The meeting broke up at 12 oclock.结束。例：Our marriage has broken up.4. Check out sth. 调查；查证；核实。例：well have to check her out before we employ her.查看，观察（有趣或有吸引力的人或事物）例：Check out the prices at their new store. (从图书馆等)借出.例：That book has been checked out in your name.5. Come in handy.有用处。例：Dont throw this book away-it might come in handy.6. Curl up.蜷曲着坐或躺。例：He curled up and closed his eyes.7. Give away.断裂;倒塌;塌陷。例：Those pillars gave way and the roof collapsed.那些立柱坍塌了，屋顶坠落下来。8. Mount to.成为；升级为；达到。例：Debts have mount to the lowest level since1998.9. On the verge of (doing) sth.濒于；接近于；行将。例：We are on the verge of signing a new contract. The little girl is on the verge of tears.10. Pitch in with sb.sth.投入；参与；支援。例：Everyone pitch in with that work.11. Prop sb.sth.up 撑起；支起。例：He had to prop up the roof with a wooden post.帮助；扶持；救济。例：He cant always count on his colleagues to prop him up.他不能总指望自己的同事帮助他12. Reason out sth.通过思考想出对策。例; The detective reason out how the criminal had escaped.13. Ride sth out.安然度过（难关）；经受得住。例：Our company will ride out the present financial crisis.14. Sit out sth.耐心等到结束；熬到结束。例：The sat out the storm at a caf.15. Traill away 声音逐渐减弱到停止；逐渐消失。例: Her voice trailed away to nothing.【修辞手法剖析】1. Simile(明喻) is a figure of speech that often uses the words like or as,etc. to make a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.明喻是常用like 或as 等词把具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来进行比较的一种修辞手法。明喻的运用使描写的事物更加形象、生动、具体，给人以鲜明的印象。明喻的表达方法是：本体像喻体。明喻有以下特点：1）比喻词常用as 或like 2)本体和喻体都出现 3）本体和喻体分属不同性质的事物 4）本体和喻体至少在某一点上相似 The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade(L.1,Para.11) The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (L.1,Para.13) Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.(L.10, Para.19) and blow-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(L.5, Para 28)中把大人们传递孩子比喻成在救火时消防员传递水桶。中把狂风的声音比喻成一列离自己几步之遥的经过的火车发出的呼啸声。中把电话线杆子和松树的断裂声比喻成放枪似的啪啪的爆裂声中把吹断的电线比喻成黑色的意大利细面条。2Metaphor(暗喻) is a figure of speech that describe something by referring to it as something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.暗喻和明喻一样，都是把两种不同事物的共同之处进行比较，但与明喻不同的是，暗喻的比较不通过比喻词as或like等进行，而是直接将甲事物当做乙事物来描写。甲乙两事物的联系或共同点是暗含的，因此被称为暗喻。暗喻的运用可以起到化抽象为具体，化深奥为浅显，化平淡为生动，化冗长为简洁的作用。We can batten down and ride it out(L.2, Para 4)Wind and rain now whipped the house. (L.1, Para 7)Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees. (L.4, Para 28)Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi. (L.1, Para 32)中把遭受飓风袭击的房子比喻成在海上与暴风雨抗争的船只中把狂风暴雨对房屋的拍打比喻成鞭子在抽打中把被撕成布条的衣服比喻成花彩中把飓风席卷密西西比州比喻成用耙子耙平密西西比州。3.Personification(拟人) is the practice of representing objects,qualities,etc. As humans,in art and literature.拟人是指把事物，包括物体，动物，思想或抽象概念，当做人来描写，赋予其人的动作、外表、性格或思想感情。拟人通常通过动词、形容词、名词等表现出来。通过运用拟人的修辞手法，可以增强语言的感染力，使描写的事物生动、形象，从而鲜明的表现出作者对所描写的事物的感情。 A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof of the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (L.1, Para 18) It seized a 600,00-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away (L.8, Para 19)中把本来用来描写人的两个动词lifted和skimmed 用来描写飓风，生动形象的描绘出飓风把整个屋顶掀起并抛到40英尺以外的地方的情形。中把本来用来描写人的两个动词seized和dumped用来描写飓风，生动形象的描绘出飓风卷起储油罐并将其摔倒3.5英里以外的地方的情形。4. Transferred Epithet(移就)is a figure of speech where an epithet(an adjective or a descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. 移就是有意识的把描写A的词语移用来描写B。移就的运用可以使描写的人或物变得形象生动、细腻微妙，而且融情于景、富于联想，表现力极强，能在具体的语言环境里起到意想不到的效果-言不言之意，传难传之音，读起来意味隽永，发人深省。移就主要分为以下三种：移人于物，即把描写人的词语用来描写物，把人的思想感情外射到客观事物中去，使其具有人的感情色彩，达到“草木为之含情，万物因之生辉”的艺术效果。移物于人。即把描写事物的词语用来描写人，创造出一种特殊的情调，达到简洁生动，深刻有力的效果。移物于物。 即把用来修饰甲事物的词语拿来修饰乙事物，给读者一种新颖别致的感觉，从而给其留下深刻的印象。Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. (L.2, Para 20) 上述例句中的spectacular本该修饰飓风，以形容飓风的壮观，但在此处却用于修饰vantage point，从而说明该位置有利于度假者观赏飓风来袭的壮观景象，给读者留下深刻的印象。【课后习题】Paraphrase1. Our house is 23 feet above sea level.2. The house was built in1915, and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator, it stopped working. As a result all lights were put out.5. Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars!6. The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed/ruined by water.7. As john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland.8. Oh, God, please help us to get through this dangerous situation.9. She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis didnt show any fear on the spot during the storm, but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly.TranslationA.1. Each and every plane must be checked out thoroughly before taking off.2. The residents were firmly opposed to the construction of a waste incineration plant in their neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the plants emissions polluting the air.3. Investment in ecological projects in this area mounted up to billions of yuan.4. The dry riverbed was strewn with rocks of all sizes.5. Although war caused great losses to this country, its cultural traditions did not perish.6. To make space for modern high rises, many ancient buildings with ethnic cultural features had to be demolished.7. In the earthquake the main structures of most of the poor-quality houses disintegrated.8. His wonderful dream vanished into the air despite his hard efforts to achieve his goals.B.1. 但是，和住在沿岸的其他成千上万的居民一样，约翰不愿舍弃家园，除非他的家人妻子珍妮斯和他们的七个孩子，大的11岁，小的才3岁明显处于危险之中。2. 随着一声巨响，楼上一个房间里的法式双开门砰地一声被风吹倒了。大家听到楼上其他玻璃窗破碎时发出的像开枪一样的啪啪的响声。3. 大家都吓坏了，喘不过气来，全身都湿透了。他们坐在楼梯上，楼梯的两侧有内墙保护着。4. 谁都清楚已经无路可逃，是死是活他们只能留在房子里了。5. 过了一会儿，一阵强风把整个屋顶掀到了空中，将其抛到了40英尺之外。6. 在飓风中心约70英里宽的范围内，风速接近每小时200英里，掀起的海浪高达30英尺。7. 未被飓风刮倒的树上像结彩似的挂满被风撕成布条的衣服，吹断的电线像黑色的意大利面条一样一圈一圈的散落在路面上。8. 在废墟里寻找残留物品本应会令人沮丧，可事实上并非如此，因为每一件未被毁坏的东西都代表他们战胜狂风的一个小小的胜利。C.24科沙克老爸心里非常恼火，为自己再飓风面前无能为力而感到懊丧。也说不清为什么，他把一只杉木箱和一个双人床垫从卧室拖进了电视室。就在那时，风刮倒了一面墙壁，吹灭了提灯。又有一面墙在晃动。查尔斯希尔试图用自己的身体撑住它，但是墙塌在他的身上，砸伤了他的背。房子在颤动摇晃，已经从地基上挪开25英尺。世界好像要分崩离析了。25“让我们把那个床垫竖起来！”约翰对自己的发亲喊道。“让它斜靠着挡挡风。让孩子们躲到床垫下面，我们可以用自己的头和肩膀把床垫顶住！” 26大一点的孩子趴在地板上，小一点的压在他们身上，而大人们都弯下身子，把这9个孩子护在他们身下。地板倾斜了。装着那一窝小猫的盒子从一个架子上滑下来，一下子就消失在风中。猫妈妈斯普琪从一个活动书柜顶上被刮走，也不见了踪影。那只狗紧闭双眼，缩成一团。又有一面墙倒了。水拍打着倾斜的地板，约翰抓住一扇连在一面壁橱墙上的门。“地板要是塌了，”他对父亲喊道，“我们就把孩子们放到这上面。”Unit2【短语与表达】1. At the sight of sth.一看见就。例：Lucy has been known to faint at the sight of blood.2. Back away (from sb/sth)躲避可怕或讨厌的人或事物）；避免做讨厌的事；退避；例：Girls quickly back away from the fierce dog.3. Be oblivious of/to sth.未注意；不知道；未察觉。例：He is oblivious of some people looking at him.4. bob up and down 迅速上下快速移动；摆动。例：Some tiny boats bobbed up and down in the harbor.一些小船在港湾中颠簸。5. By trade 就职业而言。例：He is a tailor by trade.他的职业是裁缝。6. fall out 掉落，脱落。例：His hair is falling out.7. flash by /past 飞逝。例：The afternoon has just flashed by.8. Have a lump in ones throat (因愤怒或情绪激动而引起的) 哽咽；喉咙哽住：I had a lump in my throat and tried to fight back tears. 我喉咙哽咽，拼命地想止住眼泪。9. Have little to do with sb./sth. 与毫不相干。例：They have little to do with this matter.10. Heave a sigh (常指吃力的)缓慢发出叹息音；例：They all heaved a sigh of relief. 他们都如释重负的舒了一口气。11. In response to. 对的反应；对的回应。例：The product was developed in response to market demand.这种产品是为了满足市场需求而开发的。12. Linger on 苟延残喘，奄奄一息。例：The old man lingered on for several months after the heart attack.13. march on 继续进行；快速经过。例：Time marches on and they still have not made a decision.时间过得飞快，而他们却还没拿定主意。14. On ones mind 挂在心上；惦念。例：I have always been on my mothers mind.15. On the part of sb./on sbs part 由某人所为。例：It was an error on my part.16. Rub shoulders/elbows with sb 与某人接触（或交往）。 例：This is a rare opportunity to rub shoulders with the rich and famous.这是个与富翁和名人接触的难得的机会。17. Screech to a halt. （车辆）嘎地停住。例：The car screeched to a halt outside the hotel.18. Set off 出发；动身；启程。例：We set off for Paris just after 9.19. Sink in (话语、事情等)被完全理解，被充分意识到。He paused to allow his words to sink in.他停顿了一下，好让人充分领会他的意思。20. Smell of sth.有（或发出）气味。例：Her breath smelt of garlic.她嘴里有蒜味。【修辞手法剖析】1. Sarcasm(讽刺) is a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them.讽刺诗运用一定的语言表达方式，显示事物内部的不协调性，暴露其荒谬可笑的本质，以贬责、否定该事物或该事物的某个方面的修辞手法。讽刺带有强烈的感情色彩，主要用于针砭现实、揭露腐败现象，也可用于善意的批评某些缺点、错误，表达社会的公正。讽刺可分为夸张讽刺，即运用夸张的手法，将讽刺对象予以漫画式的艺术变形，使其更加显示出内在本质的丑态。对照讽刺，即运用对比的手法，显现人物前后不同的行为，形成一种强烈对照，充分暴露人物的虚假 面孔。仿拟讽刺，即运用仿拟的手法，造成一种人为的语词错位，揭露某种可憎可笑的丑陋现象。比喻讽刺，即运用比喻的方法，充分揭示了讽刺对象的可笑特征。反语讽刺，即运用反语的手法，或反话反说，或正话反说，表现出对描写对象的鄙薄和轻慢。 Hiroshima-the “Liveliest ”City in Japan.(Tibet) If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even if many of the towns people still bear hidden wounds, and burns. (L.3, Para 27) 中的the“Liveliest”City 和中的the gayest city 均运用了讽刺的修辞手法。众所周知，广岛曾经在遭到原子弹袭击之后成为“死亡之城”，而作者却用the “Liveliest ”(最有活力的)和the gayest(最快乐的)来修饰广岛，反话正说，属于反语讽刺。即使故意忘记历史，广岛也不可能变成最有活力的、最快乐的城市，因为历史给广岛人民乃至全世界人民留下的教训太沉重了。2. Alliteration(头韵) is the use of the same sound at the beginning of words that are close together,头韵在英语中又叫initial rhyme 或head rhyme,头韵作为一种修辞手法，指的是在一组词、一句话或一行诗里，在彼此靠近的两个或两个以上的词中，其开头的音节具有相同或接近相同的发音，通常是相同的字母形式。头韵主要有三种形式：词首辅音的重复、词首辅音连缀的重复和词首元音的重复，如now or never(机不可失失不再来)；pride and prejudice（傲慢与偏见）；first and foremost（首先）。但应当注意的是，不发音的字母本身不能构成头韵，如physical pain 就不构成头韵，因为physical 中字母p 并不发/p/音。头韵的主要作用是增强语言的节奏感，或用于模拟很多事物的声响，使语言表达更为生动形象。特别是有些头韵短语既简洁明快又富有表现力，还具有音乐感，起到渲染和对比的作用。在现代英语中，头韵的运用较广，除主要用于诗歌，散文、谚语、警句外，还常用于广告、书名以及报刊文章的标题等。as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in the Hiroshima Station. (L.2, Para 1) I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. (L.5, Para 31)中的slipped 和stop均以辅音/s/开头，押头韵，这使得火车渐渐滑行停稳的过程更加形象化。中的testing 和treating 均以辅音/t/开头，押头韵，加快了语言节奏，表现出治疗过程的复杂。3. Metaphor(暗喻) And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. (L.5, Para 1) The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. (L.2, Para 5)中把哽咽的情形比喻成肿块，形象的描写出作者当时的心情。中把接待人员长叹的声音比喻成音乐，使本来很尴尬的场面变得轻松活泼，描写了门口接待员无可奈何长叹的情形，说明作者已经不是第一个走错地方的人了。4. Synecdoche(提喻) is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, or a whole is used to represent a part of something .提喻是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的一种修辞手法。提喻主要是借助于部分相似，大致归纳为四种情况：1）部分和全体互代；2）以材料代替事物；3）抽象和具体互代；4）以个体代替整类。 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (L.5, Para 7) 上述例句中作者用little old Japan指代旧式日本小屋，使文章的表达丰富多彩，生动形象，简洁明快。5. Metonymy(转喻) is the act of referring to something by the name of something else that is closely connected with it. 转喻指当甲事物与乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，用乙事物的名称来指代甲事物的一种修辞手法。转喻的重点不是在“相似”，而是在“联想”。以联想为基础，指代和被指代的事物紧密相关，存在某种现实联系是转喻这一修辞手法的特点。 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige con crete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (L.5, Para 7) 上述例句中作者使用kimono 和miniskirt 分别象征性地来指代日本传统文化和西方现代文化，而struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt则代表了新旧事物之间或东西方观念之间的冲突。6. Onomatopoeia(拟声) is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive of some action or movement.拟声是指模拟自然界声响，需要人的主观情感蕴含在内的，从而产生相类似并让人认同或感知的声音的一种修辞手法。拟声能使语言具体、生动，给人以身临其境之感，还可以使语言达到幽默、含蓄和讽刺等修辞效果。 Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. (L.1, Para 4) 上述例句中的screeched to a halt 运用的是拟声的修辞手法，形象的描述出出租车突然停下的情形，也显示出作者对此颇感意外。7. Parallelism(排比) refers to the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.排比是将结构相同或类似、意义相关或并重、语气前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起。它具有结构整齐、节奏鲜明、表达简练、语义突出的特点，能有效地增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理，故广泛见于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧和演讲中。and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony. (L.3, Para 9) 上述例句中的两个where引导的定语从句句式工整，使用了排比，使句子所表达的感情更为强烈，突出了原子弹所造成的危害之大。8. Anti-climax(渐降) refers to the sudden appearance of a ridiculous or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. Anti-climax is usually comic in effect.渐降表述的概念方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，以达到取笑、讽刺或惊奇的结果。Seldom has a city gained such world-renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters. (L.1, Para 17) 上述例句表达的意思是，与会听众，包括作者在内，都认为广岛闻名于世的原因是曾经遭受过原子弹的袭击，但市长却停顿了一下（破折号在此表示停顿），之后说出了牡蛎这个词，与听众的预想大相径庭，充分表达了作者的惊愕，这是典型的渐降的修辞手法。另外，广岛市长之所以大谈牡蛎而只字不提原子弹带来的灾难，是因为他不想使在场的美国人陷入难堪的境地，同时也是希望人们忘掉过去的悲剧，而且广岛的牡蛎的确闻名于世。9. Climax(渐升) is derived from the Greek word for “ladder” and implies the progression of thought at a uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. That is, it involves arrangement of phrase or sentences in ascending order of importance.与渐降相反，渐升是把一系列的短语或句子用升级的方法按语势的强度顺序排列的一种修辞手法。No one talks about it any more, and no one want to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it. (L.1, Para 23)上述例句中从“没有人再去谈它了”到“没有人愿意再提起它”，使程度逐渐加深，语义逐渐加强化，深刻的阐明了作者的观点，同时也拨动了读者的心弦。10. Euphemism(委婉语) is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.英文euphemism一词源自希腊语，字面意思是“吉言”或“好的说法”。一般认为，表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或者动听的言词，均在委婉语之列。英语中的委婉语可分为传统委婉语和文体委婉语。传统委婉语与禁忌语密切相关。像生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物，如果直接表达，那就是禁忌语，给人的感觉是粗鄙、生硬、刺耳、无理。反之，如果间接表达，就是委婉语，给人的印象是典雅、含蓄、中听、有礼。文体委婉语，实际上是恭维话、溢美之词，与禁忌语并无关系。英美人（尤其是当代美国人）在交际过程中，为了表示礼貌、避免冲突，或是为了争取合作，有时会采用夸饰的手法，对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。Everyday that