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音素和国际音标
1.什么是音素:音素是语音的最小单位。
2.音素的分类:元音和辅音。
3.音素的个数:共48个,元音音素20个,辅音音素28个。
4.什么是音标:记录音素的符号叫做音标。
5.什么是国际音标:国际音标是由国际语音协会规定的一套音标,用来记录世界各主要语言的语音。
7. 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e : name, bike, home, due, plane, shine
b) 辅音+元音: he, go, hi, do, be, tree, three, hello
8. 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音: bad, bed, sit, hot, cup,let, mad, map
b)元音+辅音: it,is, of, in, on, up, out, ant
9. 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
语音的基本常识
1、音节的划分: 一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。
2、重读音节:任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中,有重读音节和非重读音节 ,哪一个音节重读,该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“'”。
3、浊化音
以sp__, st___, sk___开头的单词中,清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。
4、定冠词the的读音
e.g. the man
c.f. the old man
5、不完全爆破
爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时,前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍,而不能完全读出。例如:basketball the part of the earth
6、连读
在一个短语或句子中,如果相邻两词的关系相等密切,而前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,辅音和元素连在一起读。
7、意群的停顿
对于一个较长的句子,可以根据意思和结构将其分成几群,一个意群必须一口气说完。
元 音
12个单元音
长元音
[a:]
[ә:]
[i:]
[ɔ:]
[u:]
短元音
[Λ]
[ә]
[i]
[ɔ]
[u]
[æ]
[e]
8个双元音
[ai]
[ei]
[ɔi]
[iә ]
[eә ]
[uә ]
[au]
[әu]
辅 音
10对
清辅音
[p]
[t]
[k]
[f]
[s]
[∫]
[t∫]
[tr]
[θ]
[ts]
浊辅音
[b]
[d]
[g]
[v]
[z]
[3]
[d3]
[dr]
[ð]
[dz]
3个鼻音
[m]
[n]
[η]
3个似拼音
[h]
[r]
[l]
2个半元音
[w]
[j]
第一课 元音[i:] [i] [ә:] [ә] 学习
(一)[i:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea ee
e: me be she he we evening
ee: sweet bee sweep sheep see sleep three green
ea: meat leaf sea pea teach eat clean
根据发音规则,圈出下列单词中元音字母组合发音相同的两个词。
1. seat rain bean cat
2. gift feet teacher dog
3. pig star tree jeep
4. sweet sea fish the
(二) [i] 发这个音的字母和字母组合i e y ey ay
i: pig fish in fifteen six ship thin
e: begin behind jacket basketball
y: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny
lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy
ey: monkey money
ay: Sunday Saturday Friday
根据发音规则,圈出每组中元音字母发音不相同的单词。
1. sofa sit kick lip
2. ink gift jam ship
3. hand picture big sister
4. hot lick pig jelly
(三)[ә:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合er ir ur ear or
er: her serve term
ir: bird girl skirt first dirty skirt shirt
ur: nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain
ear: early learn
or: word work world
根据发音规则,圈出每组中元音字母组合发音相同的单词。
1.thirty beer thirsty wheat
2. bank king her nurse
3.turtle bird rabbit knee
4.room run shirt term
(四)[ә] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ure er ar or a e
ure: picture
er: teacher brother dinner father sister
ar: sugar
or: doctor
a: panda about above camera sofa China
根据发音规则,找出发[ә]的2个单词写在后面的横线上。
1.mother sofa road smile
2.sit father sister food
3. hair deer tiger China
4.sugar soon ear leader
练习
1. 找出下列没有相同发音的词。
( ) ①he feet bread green
( ) ②pig is dog ship
( ) ③thirty bird her food
( ) ④she big in money
( ) ⑤sweets fish teacher we
( ) ⑥teacher sister about girl
( ) ⑦tiger first work shirt
( ) ⑧tree bean clean chin
( ) ⑨father doctor skirt china
( ) ⑩happy sea sit picture
2. 读音标写单词。
[bi:] [bә:d] [si:] [swi:t] [‘bizi] [hә:] [‘dɔktә] [‘sistә] [li:f] [hi:]
3. 连线。
meat [ә:]
thirsty [i:]
driver [ә]
animal [i:]
第二课 音标[ɔ:] [ɔ] [u:] [u]学习
(一)[ɔ:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a aw al or oor
a: water
aw: draw strawberry
al: ball wall
or: horse corn fork or short
oor: floor door
根据发音规则,找出发[ɔ:]的1个单词写在后面的横线上。
1.tall bird bread poor
2.idea chair sport hare
3.cake bear walk cup
4.drink short bag milk
(二)[ɔ] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o a
o: fox coffee dog shop dog doctor long
a: watch
根据发音规则,找出发[ɔ:]的2个单词写在后面的横线上。
1.doctor teacher box clothes 2.cold zoo clock dog
3.love boss lot violin 4.watch beach fox girl
(三)[u:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o oo ui
o: do who whose
oo: food moon too
ui: fruit juice
u: ruler rude
根据发音规则,找出不发[u:]的单词。
1. juice moon zoo panda
2. tooth broom eye spoon
3. head boot noodles pool
4. noon cool boot watch
(四)[u]发这个音的字母和字母组合o oo u
o: woman wolf
oo: look good book foot wood
u: bull bullet
根据发音规则,选出与其它单词元音发音不相同的单词。
1.mouth book look pull
2.push tape sugar foot
3.wood kind wolf bull
4.bullet wood cook name
练习
一.抄写音标,一个抄写10遍,一边抄写一边读。
[u]: [u:]: [ɔ]: [ɔ:]:
二.找出下列没有相同发音的词。
( ) ①moon food eat fruit
( ) ②true book wood look
( ) ③four small walk bird
( ) ④got clock shop shirt
( ) ⑤bus foot push book
( ) ⑥lost ball long ox
( ) ⑦ruler dog mooncake blue
( ) ⑧big ship horse it
四. 写出单词或音标。
[bru:m] [dɔ:] [sit] [bә:d]
[fut] [wi:] [dɔg] [‘sistә]
look do water good
too foot clock first
work sister doctor sea
五. 将下列单词与正确的音标用线连起来。
hot [blu:]
football [huk]
blue [ki:s]
hook [futbɔ:l]
kiss [hɔt]
第三课 音标[a:] [Λ] [æ] [e] 练习
(一)[a:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ar au ear
a: grass glass class plant dance fast father last
ar: car star arm March garden dark scarf
au: laugh aunt
ear: heart
根据发音规则,圈出发[a:]的2个单词。
1.arm lip doctor card
2. cloud cart garden gate
3.ball scarf dark tiger
4. job lorry March park
(二)[Λ] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o u oo ou
o: son come colour love money
u: sun nut jump gum bus brush supper us
ou: touch cousin country
根据发音规则,找出每组中发[Λ]的单词。
1.hear cup bed air
2. voice boy duck ant
3.vase corn bear gun
4. cute boy money her
(三)[æ] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a
a: dad cap cat bad apple bag flag hand rabbit ant black fat has
根据发音规则,找出每组中发[æ]的单词。
1.rat bed face sport
2.hear cup fat pear
3.rice bat finger tree
4.sea young knife apple
(四)[e] 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea
e: egg bell desk leg pet ten pen
ea: bread head breakfast
根据发音规则,找出每组中不发[e]的单词。
1.cat well leg pen
2.sweat map pet elephant
3.egg ten tall desk
4.bread head bed toy
练习
一.抄写音标,一个抄写5遍。
[a:]: [Λ]: [æ]: [e]:____
二.选出下列没有相同发音的词。
( ) 1. car arm food garden
( ) 2. true jump bus cut
( ) 3. bag short map flag
( ) 4. egg pen head small
( ) 5. got clock bell dog
( ) 6. rabbit book wood foot
( ) 7. rat bat apple ten
( ) 8. gun star duck moneg
三. 写出单词或音标。
[pa:st] [ru:m] [swet] [sit]
[fæt] [gɔt] [cΛp] [shә:t]
bag car bus bread star head
四. 选出下列每题中元音有几种读音,有一种读音的在( )里画☆,有两种读音的画△,有三种的画◇
( ) 1. hat fast cook last
( ) 2. jeep door sun gum
( ) 3. dad cap hand map
( ) 4. star car cut from
( ) 5. skirt sheep bird her
第四课 元音音标[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [au]练习
(一)[ei] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ai ay
a: cake make name game snake gate lazy
ai: rain train wait
ay: day May play taday way
根据发音规则,圈出下列单词中发音不一样的单词。
1.face wave sheep tail
2.grape plane name coat
3.time tape train snake
4.rain soap cake train
(二)[ai] 发这个音的字母和字母组合i y ie uy
i: kite bike nice tiger write knife
y: by cry fly my sky try why
ie: tie pie
uy: buy
根据发音规则,找出每组中发[ai]的2个单词.
1.rice good jam right
2.ship mine ice-cream mouse
3.cloud sit tie eye
4.write small tennis kite
(三)[ɔi] 发这个音的字母和字母组合oi oy
oi: oil boil coin
oy: boy toy
根据发音规则,找出每组中发[ɔi]的2个单词.
1.soil hear soy cold
2. rabbit bed boy noise
3.walk voise boil word
4. tea enjoy toy milk
(四)[au] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ou ow
ou: house mouse mouth trousers
ow: flower cow how now down
根据发音规则,选出不发[au]的单词。
1.mouse cloud arm clown 2.teacher trousers cow mouth
3. town dance flower house 4.tower blouse now baby
练习 一.抄写音标,一个抄写5遍。
[ei]: [ai]: [ɔi]: [au]:____
二. 选出下列没有发相同发音的词
( ) 1. cake egg rain May
( ) 2. kite cry broom fly
( ) 3. boy joy cat noise
( ) 4. blouse sun cow house
( ) 5. tower flower mouth arm
三. 读音标,将下列单词补充完整或写出字母,单词的音标。
[klaud] [set] [kɔin] [krɔ:s]
c__ __ __d s__ __ c__ __n cr__ __s
[flæg] [trein] [desk] [smail]
f__ __g tr__ __n d__ __ __ s__ __le
hi boy cow now cake my
toy bike house face how nice
四. 把下列单词下正确的音标连接起来
bow [bau]
gate [pai]
tray [geit]
pie [trei]
poison [pɔizn]
第五课 元音音标[әu] [iә] [eә] [uә]的练习
(一)[әu] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o oa ow
o: nose rose poen over
oa: boat coat soap goat
ow:show window snow bowl
根据发音规则,圈出每组中发[әu]的2个单词。
1.coat goat tree river
2.make window knife road
3. your white row coat
4.boat hen nose lamp
(二)[iә] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ear eer
ear: ear hear tear
eer: deer beer
根据发音规则,圈出每组中发[iә]的1个单词。
1.bear beer fair tail 2.noodles pair near come
3.horse near tower air 4. ring king here three
(三)[eә] 发这个音的字母和字母组合air ear
air: hair chair pair
ear:pear bear wear
根据发音规则,圈出每组中发[eә]的1个单词。
1.bear idea pineapple tail 2.noodles pair climb come
3.horse house tower air
4. ring king hare three
(四)[uә] 发这个音的字母和字母组合oor our ure
oor: poor
our: tour
ure: sure pure
根据发音规则,圈出每组中发[uә]的1个单词。
1.clear tourist pineapple tail
2.noodles pair climb fury
3.beard cure tower air
4. voice king pure engineer
练习
一.抄写音标,一个抄写5遍。
[әu]: [iә]: [eә]: [uә]:___________
二. 选出下列没有相同发音的词。
( ) 1. mouth coat goat window
( ) 2. dear beer cake teacher
( ) 3. pair boy air hare
( ) 4. poor tour Europe cry
( ) 5. boat bike side fly
三. 写出单词或音标。
[nәuz] [said] [iә] [kau] [peә]
[puә] [bæt] [wu:d] go ear
photo deer near nose hear
五. 把下列单词与音标用线连起来。
[rәuz] theater
['θiәtә] rose
[skweә] tour
[tuә] square
[pleisiz] places
辅音音标
爆破音: [p][t][k] [b][d][g]
摩擦音: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð]
破擦音: [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] [t∫] [t3]
鼻辅音: [m] [n] [η]
舌侧音:
1)出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音
2)出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音
半元音:擦音中气流较弱,摩擦较小,介于元音跟辅音之间的音 [w] [j] [3] [∫] [h] [r]
第六课 辅音音标[p] [b] [t] [d]练习
(一)[p] 发这个音的字母和字母组合p pp
p: piano panda parrot pet ship sheep pig stop
pp: apple happy
根据发音规则,圈出没有发[p]的单词。
1.ship phone sleep pear
2.pick pen big pineapple
3.taxi parrot sheep pig
4.panda pony pet truck
(二)[b] 发这个音的字母和字母组合b bb
b: book ball bird big boy bag banana
bb:rubber rabbit cabbage
根据发音规则,圈出发[b]的2个单词。
1.cab gift beach love
2. pet god tub bed
3.weather boy bus make
4.rabbit read dress baby
(三)[t] 发这个音的字母和字母组合 t tt
t: table tea taxi cat rat fat ticket
tt: butter matter
根据发音规则,圈出没有发[t]的1个单词。
1.taxi fat bag toy
2.hat ticket tea duck
3.pocket packet cat rain
(四)[d] 发这个音的字母和字母组合d ed
d: duck seed door desk day red head bed read cold
ed: smiled opened played
根据发音规则,圈出没有发[d]的1个单词。
1.bed clothes hand
2.dog cold five
3.dance duck grape
练习
一.抄写音标,一个抄写5遍。
[p]: [b]: [t]: [d]:_______
二. 选出下列没有相同发音的词
( ) 1. pear ship coat pig
( ) 2. taxi bean cab cabbage
( ) 3. hat sea ticket wallet
( ) 4. seed dance hand full
( ) 5. pick pen sit pineapple
( ) 6. cold find door chair
( ) 7. cloth purple pool push
( ) 8. eat fan quiet set
三.写出单词或音标。
[pændә] [kΛt] [di:p] [klaud]
apple pear rabbit read
四. 改变下列单词的一个字母,使它变成另一个单词。
short→_____________(衣物) sea→_________________(感官动词)
pet →______________(蔬菜) ten→___________________ (动物)
第七课 辅音音标[k] [g] [s] [z]学习
(一)[k]发这个音的字母和字母组合c k ck
c: cap cook cup car can
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