英语学术演讲与写作4篇Summary.doc

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1、SummaryofscientistsshouldntbesurprisedbythepopularityofintelligentdesignInhisarticlewhichaddressesmanyscientists,grumpsoverthepersistenceofID(intelligentdesign),scottLilienfeldpostulatesthatmanyAmericans,approvalofIDcannotbeblamedontheirlackofcommonsensebutrathertheirdependenceontheircommonsenseorin

2、tuitioninmakingjudgmentswhichturnsthemawayfromthetheoryofnaturalselection.AccordingtoLilienfeld,thedifficultyinintuitinghowmarvelouscreaturesandorganismshaveresultedfromnaturalselectionhaspreventedmanyAmericansfromacceptingDarwinianTheorywhilethesamecommonsensehasmadeIDrathertemptingtothem.Asisindic

3、atedbyamultitudeofexamplesofwrongbeliefsbasedoncommonsense,intuitiondoesnotprovideareliablemeansofunderstandingtheworld.Unfortunately,scientistsandscienceeducatorshavefailedtoteachresearchmethodsandacademicskillsthatcanhelpdebunkmisconceptionscompatiblewithpeople,scommonsense.Finally,Lilienfeldconcl

4、udesthataradicalshiftinscienceeducationhastobeinitiatedsothatscientistswouldnotfaceafiascowhenconfrontingerroneousclaimsrefugedbypeople,scommonsense.SummaryofEmpowermentandRestraintinScientificCommunicationInhisarticle“”,PhilipCampbellhighlightsadirelikelyconsequenceofbiologists”increasedabilitytoob

5、tainanddistributescientificinformationthatsuchinformationmaybeexploitedbypeoplewithheinousintentions.Scientificcommunication,accordingtoCampbell,hasseensignificantdevelopmentduetotheinventionofpowerfulsoftwareandhardwarethatfacilitatescientists”acquisitionofinformationandreducethetroubletheymayother

6、wisehavetotakeinordertopublicizetheirresearch.However,theresultingplethoraofbiologicalinformationspawnsahazardthattheinformationmaybeusedtobuildbiologicalweapons,andthishazardhascometopeoplesattentionwithsyntheticbiologysrecentdevelopment.Campbellpointsoutthatitisrelativelyeasytoabusebiologicalknowl

7、edgewhilebiologicalstudiesoftenbringaboutunexpectedresults.Peopleusingbiologicalinformationformaliciouspurposemaybewhoeverhavelearnttoexploitsimplebiologicaltechnologiesandarenotnecessarilycommittedtoterroristagendas.Campbellbelievesthatthedecisionsmadebyfundingagenciesandscientificjournalswhoarethe

8、gatekeepersofbiologicalresearchwillbecrucialinreducingtherisksofinformationabuseandwhatproactivemeasureshouldbetakenhastobeconsideredbyallrelatedparties.Summaryofethical,legalandsocialimplicationsofautonomoussystemsInhisarticle“”AustinModinehighlightsthatrobotdriverwillcontrolthevehicleswhichraisesp

9、roblemsindifferentsociallevels.Autonomousrobotswilldeprivepeopleoftheircontrol.ForModinesassumethathumaninteractionisnecessary,buthumanwillmakemistakesbecauseoftheirwrongdecision.Autonomoussystemsalsohaveatendencytomakemistake.Andthereisaproblemthatwhowillberesponsibleforthefailure.Aconcernthatauton

10、omoussystemsareheldbackuntiltheydontmakemistakesanymore.Thereactiontofailuresbetweenautonomoussystemsandmannedsystemsshouldbechosenifitmakelessmistakesthanhuman-operatorsandtechnicalsystems.Finally,AustineModineconcludethatmanyquestionsshouldbesolvedinordertomakeautonomoussystemsacceptlegallyandsoci

11、ally.SummaryofwhydothingsbecomemorecomplexInhisarticle“WhyDoThingsBecomeMoreComplex”Carringtonhighlightsaphenomenonthatsimplicitybecomesmorecomplex,andpeopleareinterestedinthecomplexity.Inthehistory,theturbojetengineinventedbyFrankWhittlejustuseasimplecompressor-turbinecombinationasthemotivation.Aft

12、ermanyyears,thejetenginechangedmorecomplicatedasthepressureofcommercialandmilitaryinterests,usuallybyaddingasubsystem.Modernengineshaveavastlycomplexarrayofinterconnectedsubsystemssubassemblyes.Thejetenginesworklikeacheetahbothintheoutsideandinside,sleeklyandcomplicatedly.Intheprocessofgrowingcomple

13、xity,ithasmanyobstacleforpeopletoovercome,suchasnewbureaucraticofficesanddepartments.Thecomplexitybringsamassofproblemstokeeptheperformancelikemaintenancerepairs,et.al.Andfunctionsandmodificationstendstoincreasecomplexitythroughovercominglimitations,abnormalcircumstancesandadaptingtothecomplexworld.Therenewablesimplicityoftenemergesslowlyafterthegrowingcomplication.Finally,Carringtonconcludesthatcomplexityshouldbecheckedsothatitcanevolvesnaturallyanddeliverpowerfulperformance.Andalsoneedtofinalthingstobringrenewablesimplicityafterthecomplexity.

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