新公共管理的现状外文文献及翻译.doc

The New Public Management Situation

Owen E. Hughes Monash University Management (Australia)

No doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing

countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector

management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects

government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in

these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United

States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the

international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm.

Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticism

belong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic

journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of

public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other

articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode

for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department

responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of

public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change,

Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of

economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control

globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three

stages: the development of distinct phases, and public administration before

traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own

management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the

traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the

transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis

is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it

is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the

2best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's

age is a great reform, but that time has passed. A traditional pattern Obviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long

history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As

the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the

government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the

social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management

or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of

social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative

system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding

caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han

dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the

background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is

to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the

holy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through various

rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop

simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although

these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called

before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the

personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal

to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance

to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there

are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode,

the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse

of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has

the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk

official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the

3money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money,

which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune.

America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling

changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed.

Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and

special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal,

rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is

often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to

positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still

exist serious low efficiency. The enormous success of traditional administrative

pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized

administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other

system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass the

exam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to

establish in China, although the system has long passage. The traditional public administrative pattern In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is

the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several

countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max

Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler

systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private

sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other

theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in

this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect.

In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration

of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In

the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination

and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral

point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:

41. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic

rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a

classic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other

tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.

2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for

administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the

organization provides the best way.

3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the

bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.

4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers

generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the

implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by

the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.

5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public

service is selfless paying.

6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special

activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and

lifelong service to any political leaders.

7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and

not others assume the personal responsibility.

Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand

the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most

important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system

replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization

and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its

operation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has

demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various

regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to

command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority.

This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only

5matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and

give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the

hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this

situation."

It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to

relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early

administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff

is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often

autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or

unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with

weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal

condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the

same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind of

circumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy

know myself.

Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal

basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions

in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also

noticed the bureaucracy of the organization and individual term.

The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by

governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage.

And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought

of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great

progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model

can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.

The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political

control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people

demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has

a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands

the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar -

6bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization.

Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to

routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking,

encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the

bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate

the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the

public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word

"bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms. The new public management mode In the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new

management methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems of

traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed

significantly. The new management method has many names: management of

"individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public

administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To

the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration".

Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public

management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus.

First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change

of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual

responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby

organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the

organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators

measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever

before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to

achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with

political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely

the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish

"helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always

7refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through

privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function

reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the

transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of

the steps are necessary.

Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new

public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following

features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the

efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type mana