Project-Human-Resource-Management.ppt

Chapter 8:Project Human Resource ManagementThe Importance of Human Resource ManagementPeople determine the success and failure of organizations and projectsDespite the downturn in the economy in 2001,there is still a shortage of good IT workers ITAA calculated that there were over 844,000 openings for IT jobs in 20001 in 14 American workers are involved in IT jobsAlthough women represent 47 percent of the work force,they make up only 29 percent of IT jobsLong Hours and Stereotypes of IT Workers Hurt RecruitingMany people are struggling with how to increase the IT labor pool.Noted problems includeThe fact that many IT professionals work long hours and must constantly stay abreast of changes in the fieldUndesirable stereotypes that keep certain people away from the career field,like women The need to improve benefits,redefine work hours and incentives,and provide better human resource managementWhat is Project Human Resource Management?Project human resource management includes the processes required to make the most effective use of the people involved with a project.Processes includeOrganizational planningStaff acquisitionTeam developmentKeys to Managing PeoplePsychologists and management theorists have devoted much research and thought to the field of managing people at workImportant areas related to project management includemotivationinfluence and powereffectivenessMotivationAbraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs to illustrate his theory that peoples behaviors are guided by a sequence of needsMaslow argued that humans possess unique qualities that enable them to make independent choices,thus giving them control of their destinyFigure 8-1.Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsHerzbergs Motivational and Hygiene FactorsFrederick Herzberg wrote several famous books and articles about worker motivation.He distinguished betweenmotivational factors:achievement,recognition,the work itself,responsibility,advancement,and growth,which produce job satisfactionhygiene factors:cause dissatisfaction if not present,but do not motivate workers to do more.Examples include larger salaries,more supervision,and a more attractive work environmentMcGregors Theory X and YDouglas McGregor popularized the human relations approach to management in the 1960sTheory X:assumes workers dislike and avoid work,so managers must use coercion,threats and various control schemes to get workers to meet objectivesTheory Y:assumes individuals consider work as natural as play or rest and enjoy the satisfaction of esteem and self-actualization needsTheory Z:introduced in 1981 by William Ouchi and is based on the Japanese approach to motivating workers,emphasizing trust,quality,collective decision making,and cultural valuesThamhain and Wilemons Ways to Have Influence on Projects1.Authority:the legitimate hierarchical right to issue orders2.Assignment:the project managers perceived ability to influence a workers later work assignments3.Budget:the project managers perceived ability to authorize others use of discretionary funds4.Promotion:the ability to improve a workers position5.Money:the ability to increase a workers pay and benefits6.Penalty:the project managers ability to cause punishment7.Work challenge:the ability to assign work that capitalizes on a workers enjoyment of doing a particular task8.Expertise:the project managers perceived special knowledge that others deem important9.Friendship:the ability to establish friendly personal relationships between the project manager and othersWays to Influence that Help and Hurt ProjectsProjects are more likely to succeed when project managers influence withexpertisework challengeProjects are more likely to fail when project managers rely too heavily onauthoritymoneypenaltyPowerPower is the potential ability to influence behavior to get people to do things they would not otherwise doTypes of power includeCoerciveLegitimateExpertRewardReferentImproving Effectiveness-Coveys 7 HabitsProject managers can apply Coveys 7 habits to improve effectiveness on projectsBe proactiveBegin with the end in mindPut first things firstThink win/winSeek first to understand,then to be understoodSynergizeSharpen the sawEmpathic Listening and RapportGood project managers are empathic listeners;they listen with the intent to understandBefore you can communicate with others,you have to have rapportMirroring is a technique to help establish rapportIT professionals often need to develop empathic listening and other people skills to improve relationships with users and other stakeholdersImproving Relationships Between Users and DevelopersSome organizations require business people,not IT people,to take the lead in determining and justifying investments in new computer systemsCIOs push their staff to recognize that the needs of the business must drive all technology decisionsSome companies reshape their IT units to look and perform like consulting firmsOrganizational PlanningOrganizational planning involves identifying,documenting,and assigning project roles,responsibilities,and reporting relationshipsOutputs and processes includeproject organizational chartswork definition and assignment processresponsibility assignment matrixesresource histogramsFigure 8-2.Sample Organizational Chart for a Large IT ProjectFigure 8-3.Work Definition and Assignment ProcessFigure 8-4.Sample Responsibility Assignment Matrix(RAM)Figure 8-5.RAM Showing Stakeholder RolesFigure 8-6.Sample Resource Histogram for a Large IT ProjectStaff AcquisitionStaffing plans and good hiring procedures are important in staff acquisition,as are incentives for recruiting and retentionSome companies give their employees one dollar for every hour a new person they helped hire worksSome organizations allow people to work from home as an incentiveResearch shows that people leave their jobs because they dont make a difference,dont get proper recognition,arent learning anything new,dont like their coworkers,and want to earn more moneyResource Loading and LevelingResource loading refers to the amount of individual resources an existing project schedule requires during specific time periodsResource histograms show resource loadingOver-allocation means more resources than are available are assigned to perform work at a given timeFigure 8-6.Sample Resource Histogram for a Large IT ProjectFigure 8-7.Sample Histogram Showing an Overallocated IndividualResource LevelingResource leveling is a technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasksThe main purpose of resource leveling is to create a smoother distribution of resource usage and reduce overallocationFigure 8-8.Resource Leveling ExampleTeam DevelopmentIt takes teamwork to successfully complete most projectsTraining can help people understand themselves,each other,and how to work better in teamsTeam building activities includephysical challengespsychological preference indicator toolsMeyers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)MBTI is a popular tool for determining personality preferences and helping teammates understand each other Four dimensions include:Extrovert/Introvert(E/I)Sensation/Intuition(S/N)Thinking/Feeling(T/F)Judgment/Perception(J/P)NTs or rationals are attracted to technology fieldsIT people vary most from the general population in not being extroverted or sensingSocial Styles ProfilePeople are perceived as behaving primarily in one of four zones,based on their assertiveness and responsiveness:DriversExpressivesAnalyticalsAmiablesPeople on opposite corners(drivers and amiables,analyticals and expressives)may have difficulties getting alongFigure 8-9.Social StylesReward and Recognition SystemsTeam-based reward and recognition systems can promote teamworkFocus on rewarding teams for achieving specific goalsAllow time for team members to mentor and help each other to meet project goals and develop human resourcesGeneral Advice on TeamsFocus on meeting project objectives and producing positive resultsFix the problem instead of blaming peopleEstablish regular,effective meetingsNurture team members and encourage them to help each otherAcknowledge individual and group accomplishmentsUsing Software to Assist in Human Resource ManagementSoftware can help in producing RAMS and resource histograms Project management software includes several features related to human resource management such as viewing resource usage informationidentifying under and over-allocated resourcesleveling resourcesFigure 8-10.Resource Usage View from Microsoft ProjectFigure 8-11.Resource Usage Report from Microsoft ProjectProject Resource Management Involves Much More Than Using SoftwareProject managers must Treat people with consideration and respectUnderstand what motivates themCommunicate carefully with themGoal is to enable project team members to deliver their best work