1、椎基底动脉扩张延长症椎基底动脉扩张延长症(VBD)的影像学及临床研究的影像学及临床研究进展进展大坪医院放射科大坪医院放射科刘刘 恒恒2014.06.242014.06.24 椎基底动脉扩张延长症(椎基底动脉扩张延长症(vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBDVBD)是指椎)是指椎基底动脉的异常迂曲、扩张和延长。基底动脉的异常迂曲、扩张和延长。概念19861986年,年,SmokerSmoker等首次提出等首次提出VBDVBD的概念。的概念。20052005年,年,CaplanCaplan对对VBDVBD的
2、概念进行了修订。的概念进行了修订。取代了既往取代了既往“椎基底动脉系统迂曲椎基底动脉系统迂曲”、“椎基底动脉延长扩张椎基底动脉延长扩张”、“巨大延长的动脉巨大延长的动脉瘤畸形、动脉变异及梭形动脉瘤瘤畸形、动脉变异及梭形动脉瘤”等术语。等术语。1.SmokerWR,CorbettJJ,GentryLR,KeyesWD,PriceMJ,McKuskerS.High-resolutioncomputedtomographyofthebasilarartery:2.Vertebrobasilardolichoectasia:clinical-pathologiccorrelationandreview
3、.AJNRAmJNeuroradiol.1986;7:61-72.2.2.SavitzSI,CaplanLR.Vertebrobasilardisease.NEnglJMed.2005;352:2618-2626.流行病学VBDVBD在总体人群中的发生率为在总体人群中的发生率为0.06%0.06%5.8%5.8%,在卒中患者的发生率高达,在卒中患者的发生率高达10%10%12%12%。PicoPico等对等对466466例例VBDVBD患者进行的中位随访时患者进行的中位随访时间为间为5.35.3年的研究显示年的研究显示:直径直径4.3 mm4.3 mm是卒中的高危因素;是卒中的高危因素;VBD
4、VBD也是致死性卒中的独立危险因素也是致死性卒中的独立危险因素;BABA直径每增加直径每增加1.0 mm1.0 mm,卒中的致死风险增高,卒中的致死风险增高1.231.23倍。倍。PicoF,LabreucheJ,Gourfinkel-AnI,AmarencoP,InvestigatorsG.Basilararterydiameterand5-yearmortalityinpatientswithstroke.Stroke.2006;37:2342-2347.基底动脉基底动脉(basilar artery(basilar artery,BA)BA)由左右两条椎动脉在脑桥下缘汇合而成由左右两条椎
5、动脉在脑桥下缘汇合而成向上行于脑桥基底沟中向上行于脑桥基底沟中全长全长3cm3cm,宽,宽1.51.54mm4mm 至约左右动眼神经根之间分为左右大脑后至约左右动眼神经根之间分为左右大脑后动脉(鞍背平面上动脉(鞍背平面上6mm6mm内,鞍上池下方)内,鞍上池下方)正常解剖1.基底动脉基底动脉2.脑桥动脉脑桥动脉3.左小脑后下动脉(左小脑后下动脉(PICA)4.右右AICA-PICA干干5.左左小脑前下动脉小脑前下动脉(AICA)6.PICA半球支半球支7.小脑上动脉(小脑上动脉(SCA)8.SCA的蚓支的蚓支9.小脑上动脉半球支小脑上动脉半球支左侧椎动脉造影前后位左侧椎动脉造影前后位左侧椎动脉
6、造影前后位左侧椎动脉造影前后位病因先天因素:血管肌纤维发育异常、先天因素:血管肌纤维发育异常、动脉内动脉内弹力层缺如弹力层缺如、和(或)平滑肌层萎缩等、和(或)平滑肌层萎缩等后天因素:影响血管发育并引起血管壁破后天因素:影响血管发育并引起血管壁破坏的疾病,如坏的疾病,如动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化、动脉炎性病、动脉炎性病变等变等病理生理血管肌纤维结构和功能异常血管肌纤维结构和功能异常 内弹力膜的广泛缺陷及中膜网状纤维的缺乏内弹力膜的广泛缺陷及中膜网状纤维的缺乏机械压迫机械压迫 脑脊液压力增高脑脊液压力增高血流动力学改变血流动力学改变 血流变慢,状态紊乱血流变慢,状态紊乱成功的成功的VBDVBD动物
7、实验模型,人活体组织结动物实验模型,人活体组织结构变化构变化?受压迫脑神经、脑干等病理结构和生理变受压迫脑神经、脑干等病理结构和生理变化化?血流对迂曲血管切应力作用变化、流入和血流对迂曲血管切应力作用变化、流入和流出道血流状态变化流出道血流状态变化?组织血液灌注学和组织代谢学组织血液灌注学和组织代谢学?临床表现缺血性脑血管疾病缺血性脑血管疾病出血性脑血管疾病出血性脑血管疾病压迫和颅神经损害症状压迫和颅神经损害症状脑桥和延髓脑桥和延髓 面面n.n.、三叉、三叉n.n.、听、听n.n.、动眼、动眼n.n.脑积水脑积水神经脑干压迫症状神经脑干压迫症状神经压迫症状神经压迫症状63,MCamposWK,
8、GuastiAA,daSilvaBF,GuastiJA.TrigeminalNeuralgiaduetoVertebrobasilarDolichoectasia.CaseRepNeurolMed.2012;2012:367304.69,M,aleftsidefacialspasmfor5years.KangJH,KangDW,ChungSS,ChangJW.Theeffectofmicrovasculardecompressionforhemifacialspasmcausedbyvertebrobasilardolichoectasia.JKoreanNeurosurgSoc.2012;5
9、2:85-91.73,MTanLA,MoftakharR,LopesDK.Treatmentofarupturedvertebrobasilarfusiformaneurysmusingpipelineembolizationdevice.JCerebrovascEndovascNeurosurg.2013;15:30-33.KimCH,SonYJ,PaekSH,etal.Clinicalanalysisofvertebrobasilardissection.ActaNeurochir(Wien).2006;148:395-404.59,M,severeheadache,withoutneur
10、ologicaldeficitPasseroSG,CalchettiB,BartaliniSIntracranialBleedinginpatientswithvertebrobasilardolichoectasiaStroke,2005,36:1421-1425影像学检查CTCT平扫:误、漏诊率高。平扫:误、漏诊率高。DSADSA:有创。:有创。MRAMRA:清晰。:清晰。MS 3D-CTAMS 3D-CTA:首选。:首选。UboguUbogu、ZaidatZaidat:MRAMRA诊断标准诊断标准扩张扩张:BABA直径直径4.5 mm4.5 mm VA VA直径直径 4 mm(4 mm(
11、Passero、Rossi)延长延长:BABA上段超过鞍上池或床突平面上段超过鞍上池或床突平面6 mm6 mm以上,以上,或或BABA长度长度29.5 mm29.5 mm,VAVA颅内段长度颅内段长度23.5 mm23.5 mm迂曲迂曲:BABA横向偏离超过起始点至分叉之间垂直连横向偏离超过起始点至分叉之间垂直连线线1mm1mm或位置在鞍背或斜坡的旁正中至边缘间以或位置在鞍背或斜坡的旁正中至边缘间以外,而外,而VAVA任意一支偏离超过椎动脉颅内入口到任意一支偏离超过椎动脉颅内入口到基底动脉起始点之间连线基底动脉起始点之间连线10 mm10 mm为异常。为异常。UboguEE,ZaidatOO.
12、Vertebrobasilardolichoectasiadiagnosedbymagneticresonanceangiographyandriskofstrokeanddeath.JNeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry.2004;75:22-26.Smoker:HRCTSmoker:HRCT诊断标准诊断标准BABA分叉高于鞍上池或位置位于旁正中之外且直分叉高于鞍上池或位置位于旁正中之外且直径径4.5 mm4.5 mm定义为定义为VBDVBD。SmokerWR,CorbettJJ,GentryLR,KeyesWD,PriceMJ,McKuskerS.AJNRAmJNeurora
13、diol.1986;7:61-72.若高度评分若高度评分2 2或位置评分或位置评分2 2即为延长即为延长 BA偏移分级 BA延长(高度)分级鞍背以下:鞍背以下:0 0鞍上池以下:鞍上池以下:1 1第三脑室层面:第三脑室层面:3 3BA高度分级评分第三脑室层面:第三脑室层面:3 3鞍上池层面:鞍上池层面:1 1正中线上:正中线上:0 0旁正中线与边缘间:旁正中线与边缘间:2 2BA偏移分级评分M,65,trigeminalneuralgiafor4months治疗以对症治疗和脑保护治疗为主以对症治疗和脑保护治疗为主内科治疗:抗凝、抗血小板聚集、降压、内科治疗:抗凝、抗血小板聚集、降压、降糖、调脂
14、等控制危险因素以预防缺血性降糖、调脂等控制危险因素以预防缺血性卒中的发生卒中的发生外科治疗:微血管减压复位术、腔内血管外科治疗:微血管减压复位术、腔内血管重建术、动脉瘤夹闭术等。重建术、动脉瘤夹闭术等。ArthurdeAzambujaPereiraFilho.Brainstemcompressionsyndromecausedbyvertebrobasilardolichoectasia.ArqNeuropsiquiatr2008;66(2-B):408-411microvascularrepositioningtechnique.M.O.,medullaoblongata;P,posteri
15、orinferiorcerebellarartery;V.A.,Vertebralartery;XII,hypoglossalnerve;X,vagusnerve.M,48percutaneous transluminal angioplastyembolization of intracranial aneurysmKimCH,SonYJ,PaekSH,etal.Clinicalanalysisofvertebrobasilardissection.ActaNeurochir(Wien).2006;148:395-404.Post-embolization参考文献1.SmokerWR,Cor
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