中国文化概论英文版Unit8答案.doc

_Unit 8 Chinese LiteratureWarm-up ActivityQuestions for discussion:1) Look at the following pictures. They are all illustrations of the famous stories of the four great novels of Chinese literature. Do you know or can you tell any of these stories?a.Story 1:颐和园长廊上的彩绘：桃园三结义2008-04拍摄，绘画年代大约于19世纪末Oath of the Peach GardenThe Oath of the Peach Garden (桃园三结义) was an oath in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, by which the three warriors Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei became sworn brothers in a ceremony amid peach blossom trees. The original goal of the Peach Garden Oath was to protect the Han Dynasty from the Yellow Turbans. This act bound the three key men of the future Shu-Han Kingdom of China and is often alluded to as a symbol of fraternal loyalty. Nothing in historical records suggest such an event happened, though the three were noted to be close, to the point of sharing the same bed.The oath, as it appears in the Wikisource translation of Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1, was this:When saying the names Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, although the surnames are different, yet we have come together as brothers. From this day forward, we shall join forces for a common purpose, and come to each others aid in times of crisis. We shall avenge the nation from above, and pacify the citizenry from below. We seek not to be born on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. We merely hope to die on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. May the gods of heaven and earth attest to what is in our hearts. If we should ever do anything to betray our friendship, may the gods in heaven strike us dead.In many other translations, only the section dealing with dying on the selfsame day is present. However, the three brothers do not die on the same day: Guan Yu is executed by Sun Quan, Zhang Fei is assassinated by his own men whom he treated with cruelty, and Liu Bei dies of illness after the disastrous attempts to avenge Guan Yu and reclaim the province of Jing.The oath inspired the present day secret societies in Chinese communities, such as the Triad, to use a similar ritual when swearing in new members. Though not born on the same day of the same month in the same year, we hope to die so the phrase the three brothers made during the oath had also become popular among the present day secret society members. （392 words）(http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_the_Peach_Garden)Story 2:颐和园长廊彩绘中的徐庶荐诸葛（三顾茅庐）故事2008-04拍摄，绘画年代大约于19世纪末Three Visits to the Thatched CottageAfter they had become sworn brothers at Taoyuan, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei made concerted efforts to restore the Han Dynasty. But they felt that it would be impossible to do it without the help of a smart adviser. The Liu-Guan-Zhang alliance later won one battle after another thanks to the advice of Xu Shu. But before long, Xu had to surrender to the opposing camp of Cao Cao in order to save the life of his mother who was abducted by the Cao troops. Before he left, Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to the brothers. Accompanied by Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, Liu Bei went to Wolonggang in Longzhong in the hope of inviting Zhuge Liang to be their military adviser. But Zhuges servant said: The Mentor left in the morning. Liu Bei asked the servant to forward to Zhuge Liang his message that the brothers had come to visit him. After that, Liu rode his horse away, returning home sullenly. A few days later when he learned that Zhuge Liang was at home, Liu Bei went for another visit along with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. The servant said: The Mentor is reading books at his thatched cottage. Liu requested to see him. When they learned that the one reading books at the thatched cottage was not Zhuge Liang himself but his brother Zhuge Jun, the Liu-Guan-Zhang brothers left a letter to express their admiration and then braved heavy snows to return home. Not long after they returned to their barracks at Xinye, Liu Bei wanted to visit Zhuge Liangs thatched cottage once more. But Guan Yu dissuaded Liu from going by saying that perhaps Zhuge Liang was not as smart as expected and that he was simply dodging the visiting brothers for that. Zhang Fei said: You dont need to go. Ill tie him up and force him to come and see you instead. Liu Bei lost no time in telling his brothers the story of King Wen bent on visiting one of his subjects called Jiang Ziya. Liu, Guan and Zhang, therefore, paid a third visit to Wolonggang. They had no sooner arrived than the servant said: The Mentor is sleeping. Liu Bei waited until Zhuge Liang was awake and dressed . Finally, he consented to see the brothers. Liu Bei paid three visits to the thatched cottage without complaint. He finally succeeded in inviting Zhuge Liang to be his military adviser and to help the brothers in their cause. (416 words)三顾茅庐三国演义中的故事。刘备、关羽、张飞自桃园结义后，虽整天东奔西跑，但因缺少谋士，总觉得恢复汉朝天下无望。后来得徐庶帮助，连打胜仗。徐庶为救母无奈去了曹营。临走推荐了诸葛亮。 一日，刘备带关羽、张飞来到隆中卧龙冈，想请诸葛亮出山。小僮说：先生今早出去了。刘备让僮子转告先生说他来访，然后拉马闷闷不乐地回去了。又过了数日，刘备控得诸葛亮已回家，便同关、张二次来访。僮子说：先生正在草堂看书。刘备求见后得知不是诸葛亮，而是其弟诸葛钧。于是留下一封信，表达敬慕之情。兄弟三人又冒雪回去了。 回到新野不久，刘备想再次去请诸葛亮。关羽劝说：可能诸葛亮没本事，怕见我们。张飞则说：你们别去了，我用绳子捆来。刘备忙讲了当年文王访姜子牙的故事。兄弟三人又第三次来到卧龙冈。他们一到，小僮忙说：先生在睡觉。刘备一直等到诸葛亮睡醒后更衣相见。刘备不辞劳苦，三顾顾庐，终于请出诸葛亮出山辅佐，共图大业。 背景知识：三顾茅庐-成语典故内容和出处 明朝三顾茅庐图 长廊彩绘故事：三顾茅庐颐和园长廊彩绘中的徐庶荐诸葛故事三顾茅庐或三顾草庐是指中国东汉末年刘备三次到诸葛亮住处请他出山辅佐自己的事件。此事件最早见于诸葛亮的出师表，该文提到刘备“三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激”。三国志中对此仅有“凡三往，乃见”的简略记述1。三国演义2 对此事件进行了扩写。三顾茅庐后来成为形容求贤若渴的成语。建安十二年（207年）冬至十三年（208年）春，当时驻军新野的刘备在徐庶的建议下，三次到隆中拜访诸葛亮。前两次都没见到诸葛亮，第三次终于相见。谈话中，诸葛亮为刘备分析了天下形势，提出先取荆州为家，再取益州成鼎足之势，继而图取中原的战略构想，这就是著名的隆中对。三顾茅庐之后，诸葛亮出山成为刘备的军师。刘备集团后来的种种攻略皆本于此。成语典故出处“先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。”-诸葛亮前出师表2) Do you think the TV serials adapted from these great works match the original very well? Any disappointments, regrets or satisfaction?3) Which medium of literature do you prefer, audio-video or paper text? Please explain your reasons.4) Is it necessary for us to distinguish between the real history and the fictional one?Why?5) In which respects does the novel(or the characters of the novel) have connection with the core values of feudal society of China? Which core value(s) has/have become the cultural legacy of Chinese nation?无答案Section A Cultural TreasuresTask1.略Task2.Proverbs Derived from Romance of the Three KingdomsTranslationChineseInterpretationThree Visits to the Thatched Cottage三顾茅庐to repeatedly request somebody to take up a responsible postRecklessness leads to the losing of Jingzhou大意失荆州suffer a major setback as a result of negligence；failed because of carelessness. Carelessness leads to failure.The relationship between a husband and a wife is like a piece of garment; if the garment is torn, it can be mended. The relationship between two brothers is like a limb; if a limb is broken, it cannot be repaired.夫妻如衣服, 兄弟如手足It is much easier for a husband and his wife to reconcile after a quarrel but that is much harder in the case of two siblings.Liu Bei borrows Jingzhou borrowing without returning.刘备借荆州有借无还There are some people who borrow things from you and do not return them.Speak of Cao Cao and Cao Cao arrives; Speak of the devil.说曹操，曹操到说曹操曹操就到Equivalent to speak of the devil, when someone who is being spoken about appears.Three reeking tanners (are enough to) overcome one Zhuge Liang.三个臭皮匠, 胜过一个诸葛亮Three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strength.Losing your wife and your army.赔了夫人又折兵Making double losses in a deal or losing on both sides of it.Eastern Wu arranges for a marriage that turns from fake into real.东吴招亲弄假成真Putting on a show (to deceive someone) but the events in the show become reality unexpectedly.The young shouldnt read Water Margin while the old shouldnt read Three Kingdoms少不读水滸, 老不读三國The former depicts the lives of outlaws and their defiance of the social system, and may have a negative influence on young boys. The latter presents every manner of stratagem and fraud, which is thought to potentially tempt the older readers.A Dou that cannot be held up扶不起的阿斗Sb. that can never become an outstanding person even with the strong support of other peopleId rather let others down than to allow others to let me down; Better to wrong the world than have it wrong me宁我负人，毋人负我；宁教我負天下人，休教天下人負我Do anything possible to others to fulfill ones ambition no matter what means to useOath of the Peach Garden桃园结义People vow to unite together in private for a common goalLong divided must unite, long united must divide分久必合，合久必分An inevitable law for things to develop, united or divided; also implying that things tend to change after longUsing straw boats to borrow arrows草船借箭Apply ones brain and intellect rather than act recklessly to overcome difficultiesI enjoy life here and do not think of Shu at all.乐不思蜀；此间乐，不思蜀Sb. indulge/enjoy oneself in doing sth. too much to return to normal or should-be lifeTaking five passes and killing six generals过五关斩六将Overcome many difficulties at a stretch by wit, bravery, loyaltyRiding alone for thousands of miles千里走单骑Accomplish an achievementalone by wit, bravery, beliefAll is ready except east wind万事具备，只欠东风All is ready except what is crucial; Man proposes, God disposesZhou Yu beats Huang GaiOne is willing to beat, and the other is willing to suffer. 周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨A wonderful case of one of the 36 stratagems “deceiving the enemy by torturing ones own man”, also expressed as “winning the trust by injuring ones own body”歇后语：a two-part allegorical saying, of which the first part, always stated, is descriptive, while the second part, sometimes unstated, carries the message.百科词典以下结果来自爱词霸汉语歇后语是中国人民在生活实践中创造的一种特殊语言形式，是一种短小、风趣、形象的语句。它由前后两部分组成：前一部分起“引子”作用，像谜语，后一部分起“后衬”的作用，像谜底，十分自然贴切。在一定的语言环境中，通常说出前半截，“歇”去后半截，就可以领会和猜想出它的本意，所以就称为歇后语。基本概念歇后语是俗语的一种，多为群众熟悉的语言。俗语包括谚语、熟语和歇后语三种形式，歇后语形式上是半截话，采用这种手法制作的联语就是“歇后语”。歇后语是中国人民在生活实践中创造的一种特殊语言形式。它一般由两个部分组成，前半截是形象的比喻，像谜面，后半截是解释、说明，像谜底，十分自然贴切。在一定的语言环境中，通常说出前半截，“歇”去后半截，就可以领会和猜想出它的本意，所以称它为歇后语。 歇后语具有鲜明的民族特色，浓郁的生活气息幽默风趣，耐人寻味，为广大人民所喜闻乐见。Task3.Questions for discussion此题无答案:Section B Cultural Knowledge CardingTask1. Read the following passage as a summary of Chinese literature before late Qing Dynasty.Task2.Write down the Chinese equivalents to the following words or terms underlined in the passage.精品资料1) (明朝 ) the Ming Dynasty2) (木板印刷) woodblock printing3) (唐朝 ) Tang Dynasty4) (活字印刷) movable type printing5) (宋朝 ) Song Dynasty6) (白话文学) baihua literature7) (古典文学) classical literature8) (东周王朝) Eastern Zhou Dynasty9) (易经) I Ching10) (伏羲 ) Fu Xi11) (诗经) The Classic of Poetry12) (礼记) The Record of Rites13) (春秋编年史) The Spring and Autumn Annals14) (论语) The Analects of Confucius15) (淮南子) Huainanzi16) (道教 ) Taoism17) (诸子百家) the Hundred Schools of Thought18) (战国时期) the Warring States Period19) (春秋时期)Spring and Autumn periods20) (石钟山记) Record of Stone Bell Mountain21) (白话小说) Vernacular fictionTask 3. Fill in the blank with the author and/or the book title of the following great works of Chinese literature:1) Eight Great Literary Masters of the Tang and Song (Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty) (唐宋八大家):1) ( 韩 愈 );2) ( 柳宗元 );3) ( 欧阳修 );4) ( 苏 辙 );5) ( 苏 轼 );6) ( 苏 洵 );7) ( 王安石 );8) ( 曾 巩 ).2) Classic Novels: （ 聊斋志异 ）Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio by ( 蒲松龄 ) ;（ 金 瓶 梅 ）The Plum in the Golden Vase by ( 兰陵笑笑生 );（ 封神演义 ）The Investiture of the Gods by ( 陈仲琳或许仲琳 );（ 醒世姻缘传 ）The Story of a Marital Fate to Awaken the World by ( 西周生 );（ 儒林外史 ）The Scholars by ( 吴敬梓 ); （ 东周列国志 ）The Romance of the Eastern Zhou by ( 冯梦龙 ), edited by（蔡元放）;3) Classic Dramas: （ 西 厢 记 ）Romance of the West Chamber by ( 王实甫 );（ 窦 娥 冤 ）The Injustice to Dou E by ( 关汉卿 );（ 玉 簪 记 ）Yuzanji by ( 高濂 );（ 灰 兰 记 ）Hui Lan Ji by ( 李行道 );（ 牡 丹 亭 ）The Peony Pavilion by ( 汤显祖 );Task4. Read the following poem carefully and write down the original Chinese lines.Drinking Alone by Moonlight (月下独酌, pinyin: Yu Xi D Zhu)Translated by Arthur Waley举杯邀明月， A pot of wine, under the flowering trees; 独酌无相亲。 I drink alone, for no friend is near. 举杯邀明月， Raising my cup I beckon the bright moon, 对影成三人。 For her, with my shadow, will make three people. 月既不解饮， The moon, alas, is no drinker of wine; 影徒随我身。 Listless, my shadow creeps about at my side. 暂伴月将影， Yet with the moon as friend and the shadow as slave 行乐须及春。 I must make merry before the Spring is spent. 我歌月徘徊， To the songs I sing the moon flickers her beams; 我舞影零乱。 In the dance I weave my shadow tangles and breaks. 醒时同交欢， While we were sober, three shared the fun; 醉后各分散。 Now we are drunk, each goes their way. 永结无情游， May we long share our eternal friendship, 相期邈云汉。 And meet at last on the paradise. Task5.Question for discussion:此题未给答案Section C Legend TimeTask1.Task2. Question for discussion.Task3. Task4. Question for discussion.此题无答案Section D.Task1. Translate the above underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The late Qing was a period of intellectual ferment sparked by a sense of national crisis. Intellectuals began to seek solutions to Chinas problems outside of its own tradition.译文：晚清是一个由民族危机所激发的知识界骚动不安的时期。知识分子开始在国家传统范畴之外去寻求国家问题的解决之道。2. The late Qing also saw a revolution in poetry (诗界革命), which promoted experimentation with new forms and the incorporation of new registers of language.译文：晚清也经历了一场“诗界革命”，它促成了语言新形式的实验和新语域的生成。3. These poets would become the objects of scorn by New Culturalists like Hu Shi, who saw their work as overly allusive, artificial, and divorced from contemporary reality.译文：这些诗人将受到胡适这样的新文化运动倡导者的鄙视，其作品会被视为极度引经据典和矫揉造作，并和当代现实完全脱离。4. This entertainment fiction would later be labeled Mandarin Ducks and Butterfly fiction by New Culturalists, who despised its lack of social engagement.译文：这种娱乐性小说后来被新文化运动倡导者冠以“鸳鸯蝴蝶派”小说，因其未能反映社会现实而受到鄙视。5. In terms of literary practice, Lu Xun (18811936) is usually said to be the first major stylist in the new vernacular prose that Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were promoting.译文：就文学实践而言，鲁迅通常被称为胡适和陈独秀所倡导的新白话文学的第一个主要文体家。6. Given that there was no tradition of writing poetry in the vernacular, these experiments were more radical than those in fiction writing and also less easily accepted by the reading public.译文：由于诗歌没有白话创作的传统，这些实验就比小说写作更为激进，且更不容易为阅读公众所接受。7. These writers generally tackled domestic issues, such as relations between the sexes, family, and friendship, but they were revolutionary in giving direct expression to female sub