情态动词归纳.doc

情态动词归纳表情态V词义&用法注意事项特殊用法can could1.表具备某种能力Can表现在能力；Could表示过去能力.可用be able to代替；was/were able to to表示成功做了某事 （1） 表惊异、怀疑、不相信、不耐烦等。（此意常用于否定句、疑问句或惊叹句语气）Can/Could this be true?（2）can nottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好：You cant be too careful.2.表请求和允许请求用could 语气委婉允许不用 could.3. 表“可能性” can用于否定和疑问句(could不限) can (be)表示有时候会（常与sometimes, at times 连用）maymight 1.表请求和允许请求用might语气更委婉。允许时用may，表示“可以”（表示允许时不用might）。（1）may/might well+V原形：表完全可能,，很可能= be very likely to:He may well be proud for his son.（2）may/might as well+V原形：最好，满可以，倒不如You may as well stay here over night.2.表可能性“也许”此意常用于肯定句。（might可能最小）3表祝愿固定句型为“May+主语+V原型”：May you succeed! must1.表“必须” must多表主观、现在/将来义务; have to多表客观、过去义务 mustnt表禁止；否定用neednt / dont have to（1） 表示必然结果：All men must die.人固有一死。（2）表示一种与说话人愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩，可译为“一定要、偏偏、非要”：If you must know, her name is Mary.2.表推测：“肯定是、准是”只用于肯定句。在否定句/疑问句中用can/couldwillwould1.表意愿,决心等Would此时为will过去式，无意义差别（1） will表命令（说话者确定命令一定会得到执行）或允诺：You will report to me afterwards.(命令)They will get enough money from me.(允诺)（2） 可用于祈使句附加疑问句(反义疑问句)：(此时would比will委婉) Dont go now, will you?（3） woul短语：would rather/would prefer宁愿；would like/would love喜欢/想要（见注意）2.表经常性，习惯性，倾向性，Would表过去反复的动作/某种倾向(相对于used to无“现已无此习惯”之义。)3.表功能，性质叙述真理：The tree will leave without water for 3 months.4.表估计：“想必，大概”（只时态区别）此意表对目前事物的预料。That will be the postman ringing.(would表示过去/现在；will表示现在/将来)5. 表“请求/要求”（Will you？）此意用于疑问句，常与you连用Will you give me a piece of paper?shall （shant）1.表征求意见（“好不好”）用在第一、三人称Shall the reporters wait outside or what?点2其他示例：He shall have the book when I finish reading.(允诺) You shall fail if you dont work harder.（警告）You shall come at once.（命令）2.表允诺、威胁、警告、命令或根据规定有义务做用于第二、第三人称Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the bus is moving3.表规章、法令、预言：“必须”用于所有人称Every competitor shall wear a numbershouldought to1.表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告：You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.（1）should 用于疑问句中表示说话人对某事不能理解，惋惜，感到意外，赞叹，愤怒、惊异等感情，意为“竟会”，有时也用于陈述句中（2）Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能，相当于“万一”的意思。（见注意）2.表示推测和可能性，是“ (按理说)应该”之意肯定的语气没有must用于推测时强This pen ought to /should be yours. 3.表示说话人的一种谦逊，客气，委婉的语气此意常用于第一人称时：You are mistaken , I should say . (依我看你是搞错了)11 情态动词重点讲解一、情态动词的特征和形式A. 情态动词表推测1. 形式肯定的推测：must否定的推测：cant couldnt可能的推测：may might can could疑问的推测：can could2. 时间对过去：情态动词+完成式（have donehave been done）对正在进行：情态动词+be doing对现在或将来：情态动词+do不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列： He is at home. (事实) He must be at home.（非常肯定的推断） He could be at home.（很可能） He ought to be at home.（很可能） He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已） He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定） He might not be at home.（也许不在家）He may not be at home. （比might可能） He couldnt be at home.（很可能不在家） He cant be at home.（一定不在家）He isnt at home.（事实） B情态动词除ought to, used to等外，后面只接不带to的不定式。1情态动词+do You shouldnt be so careless. 你不该这样粗心大意。 Jessica told him yesterday she might not go on the trip.杰西卡昨天告诉他，她可能不去旅行了。 Difficulties can and must be overcome. 困难能够而且必须克服。2情态动词+be doingShe must be listening to pop music. 她肯定在听流行音乐You should be reviewing your lessons.你应该在复习功课My mother maymight be cooking now.妈可能正在做饭。3情态动词+have done They might have visited the Great Wall.他们可能参观过长城了。 He must have got up very early to catch the train. 他一定起得很早去赶火车了。 You ought to have come earlier. 你本该早一点儿来。4情态动词+be done This word can also be used as a verb. 这个词也可以用作动词。 Something must be done to stop pollution. 必须采取措施来制止污染。 The work ought to have been finished long ago. 这工作早就该完成了。C. 情态动词第三人称单数一般现在时没有词形变化。 You ought to wear a raincoat. 你应该穿件雨衣。 She ought to wear a raincoat. 她应该穿件雨衣。 Plants must have oxygen in order to live. 为了存活植物必须有氧气。 A plant must have oxygen in order to live. 为了存活植物必须有氧气。D. 情态动词的时态并不是区分时间的主要标志。在一些场合中，情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。Im afraid it might rain tonight.我看今晚可能要下雨。Could I borrow your thermos？我可以借用你的暖水吗？Its a nice day today. We could go for a walk. 今天天气不错，我们可以出去散散步。 E. 情态动词是互相排斥的，一般不允许两个意义相近的情态动词连用。【误】Soldiers must have to obey orders. 【正】Soldiers have to obey orders. 军人必须服从命令【正】Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。【误】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time?【正】Can I borrow two books at a time?我能一次借两本【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time? 我能一次借两本书吗？二、情态动词的意义和用法A. may和might 1表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。 在口语中可用can, could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。 You may take this seat if you like. 如果你喜欢可以坐这个位置。 May/Can /Could/ Might I have a talk with you? 我可以和你谈谈吗？ - May/Might I come into the room to see my mother? 我可以进房间看我母亲吗？ - No, you mustnt. She needs to have a good rest. 不，你不能进。她需要好好休息。提示：May I . 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。肯定回答Yes, please. Certainly. Yes, of course. Sure. Go ahead, please.否定回答 No, you cant. （最常见）No, you mustnt. （具有强烈禁止的意思）Please dont. Youd better not. I dont think you can. Im sorry its not allowed.2表示推测，可译为“可能，也许”。 Your math teacher maymight be in his office. 你们的数学老师可能在办公室里。（一般情况下，might表示的可能性很小） The light isnt on. It maymight be broken. 那盏灯没有亮，它可能坏了。 There may might be some ink left in the bottle. 瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。 注意： 用may表示推测一般不用于疑问句，在疑问句中通常用can来代替。 Can he be at home? 他可能在家吗？ - Can it be true? 这可能是真的吗？ - It may be, or may not be. 可能是，也可能不是。3用在目的状语从句中，构成谓语。 He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time. 他想坐出租车，这样他就能及时到达那里。 I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him. 我早早地就到了机场为了能接到他。4 有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。May you succeed. 祝你成功 May you be happy. 祝你快乐。May that day come soon.希望这一天早日到来。 B. can和could 1 表示能力，可译为“能，会”。 I can swim. 我会游泳。 Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.艾米丽舞跳得很好，她妈妈年轻时舞跳得也很好。 The cinema can seat 1,000 people. 这电影院能容纳1，000人。 I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old. 我七岁时连如此简单的书我也看不懂。2 表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。Could I use your dictionary? 我可以用一下你的字典吗？-Yes, go ahead. 可以，用吧。（或Yes, you can. 但不能说Yes, you could.） Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo? 劳驾，你能告诉我怎么去动物园吗？ He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room.他问我可不可以把书带出阅览室。3表示推测，可用于肯定句（can罕见）、否定句和疑问句，但更常见于疑问句或否定句。在此种用法中can和could没有时态的区别，只是表示可能性的大小，can表示推测的可能性比could大。 Can he be ill at home? 他会是生病在家吗？ Can the story be true? 这个故事会是真的吗？ He cannot be at home. 他不可能在家。 You mustnt smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时一定不要吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。4表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？ Where can could they have gone? 他们会去了哪里？ He cantcouldnt be over sixty. 他不可能超过60岁。5Could可以用在虚拟条件句中。If I could fly, I should be very happy. 如果我能飞， 我会很高兴。If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it.如果你当时听我的，你早就做完了。If you had tried harder, you could have passed your exam.如果你再努力些，你就能通过考试了。can与be able to的区别can表示“能力”时，和be able to相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用be able to。【正】Can you speak any foreign languages?你会说外语吗？【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages?你会说外语吗？【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape. 【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都逃了出来。【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape. 大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都想法逃了出来。be able to 比can有更多形式。 No one could answer the question.没人能回答这个问题。(这里could可用was able to 代替） When he grows up, he will be able to support his family. 他长大后就能养家了。 Frank is ill. He hasnt been able to go to school for one week.弗兰克病了，已经一周没去上学了。 Im sorry for not being able to help you in time. 对不起，不能及时帮你的忙。could经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。 When we went into the house, we could smell something burning. 当我们走进屋子时，我们闻到什么东西烧焦了。（不用was able to） She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said. 虽然她讲话的声音很低，但我还是明白了她说的话。在谈论说话时发生的动作，用can，不用be able to。 【误】Look! Im able to swim. 【正】Look! I can swim. 看，我会游泳了！Cmust和have to1must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。 Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必须遵守制度。 We must do everything step by step. 我们必须逐步做每件事。 Teachers must be patient enough with their students. 老师必须对学生有足够的耐心。2have to 表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。 You cant turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在这里右拐，你必须左拐。 My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading. 我的视力很差，看书时不得不戴眼镜。 You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence 你在取得驾照之前必须先通过考试。 提示： 在口语中，我们可以使用have got to来代替have to. Ive got to work on Sunday. 我不得不星期天工作。 When has Ann got to go?安必须什么时候走？3must 与have to的比较。 must 与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近，但在用法上有所区别。 must含有说话者的强烈决意（表示主观的看法），have to 则表示外力环境或习惯使然（即表示客观的必要，作“不得不”解）。 I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。（发自内心的决 I have to study hard. 我不得不努力学习。（外界因素逼迫） You must stay for supper. 你必须留下来吃晚饭。（because I want you to） You have to stay for supper. 你得留下来吃晚饭。（because there is nowhere else to go） must只有一种形式，而have to可有多种时态。 They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather. 由于坏天气，他们不得不推迟运动会。 These last two days he has had to take a rest at home. 这两天他必须一直在家休息。 must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同 You must keep it a secret. You mustnt tell anyone.必须保密，不可以告诉任何人。（mustnt表示“禁止”） You dont have to tell me the secret. 你不必告诉我这个秘密。（dont have to意思是“没有必要”= dont need to）4must用于表示推测，它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。 must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词) ，表示对现在状态的推测。 He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy. 他肯定很懒，因为他的课桌很不整洁。 Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day. 卡罗尔肯定对她的工作厌烦了，她每天都做同样的事 must be doing表示对现在动作或状态的推测。 Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on. 多穿点儿衣服，你只穿一件衬衣，肯定觉得冷。 must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是湿的，昨晚肯定下雨了。 I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我没听见电话铃响，我一定是睡着了。 提示： must表示推测只用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句要用can, could来代替must。 Hes just had his lunch. He cant be hungry already. 他刚吃过午饭，不会饿的。 They have just arrived here. They cant know many people. 他们刚到这里，不可能认识很多人。 Leslie walked past me without speaking. He cantcouldnt have seen me. 莱斯利从我身边走过而没打招呼，他肯定没看见我。5must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。 We all must die. 我们都会死。 Truth must be out. 真相必然会大白的。 Winter must be followed by spring. 冬天到了，春天还会远吗？6must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。 Why must it rain today? 为什么偏偏在今天下雨？ When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door. 正当我午睡时，偏偏一个学生在这个时候来敲门。D will和would 1.will和would可用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议等。would比 will委婉客气。 Will you have some tea? 你喝点茶，好吗？ Will you share your happiness with us? 你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗？ Would you pass this book to the student in the last row?请你把这本书传给最后一排的学生好吗？ 必背：WillWould you . 表示请求和建议的答复。肯定回答 Yes, please. 是的，请。 Certainly. 当然可以。Sure. 当然了。All right. 好啊！否定回答Im sorry. I cant. 对不起，不行。No, thank you. 不，不行。No, I wont. 不，不行。2will和would可表示意志、愿望和决心，用于各种人称陈述句。 I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 I will never tell you the secret. 我永远不会告诉你这个秘密。 None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼睛最瞎。 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。3will和would可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will表示现在的习惯动作，would表示过去的习惯动作。 He will surf the Internet every night. 他每天晚上都在上网。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那儿好几个钟头，看着车辆行人通过 He would be nervous when he met strangers. 遇见陌生人时他总是很紧张。 In class he would ask some silly questions, and his classmates would laugh at him. 课上，他总是问一些蠢问题，他的同学们总是嘲笑他。4will可表示固执坚持，这时will不可使用ll的简略形式。用于非人称主语时，表示物体的固有性质和倾向。 I will take the job, and no one can stop me. 我就要这个工作，没有人可阻止我。He wont do what hes told. 他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做 The window wont open. 窗子打不开。 This glass will not crack under heavy pressure. 这种玻璃在重压下也不会破碎。5will表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但will表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。 If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。 If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.如果你愿意把烟戒掉的话，你的健康状况就会好转。6 will和would可表示推论或猜测。 The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now. 病人一小时前吃的安眠药，现在应该睡着了。 It would be about ten when he left home. 他大约在十点钟离开的家。 I thought he would have told you about it. 我认为他已告知你此事。 It would be raining when she went home. 她回家时可能正在下雨。比较： Would you like .表示邀请 Do you like .表示习惯 Do you like going go the cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？ Yes,I go to the cinema a lot. 是的，我经常去看电影。 Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? 今天晚上去看电影好吗？ Yes,Id love to. 非常乐意。Eshall和should1shall 表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句 Shall I carry it for you? 我来帮你搬它，好吗？ Shall we sing a song? 我们唱一支歌，好吗？ Shall they wait outside? 让他们在外面等吗？ Shall the waiter bring meals to your room? 要服务员把饭送到你房间去吗？提示： Shall I open the window? 我打开窗子好吗？ Will you open the window? 你打开窗子好吗？ Shall he open the window? 他打开窗子好吗？ 表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。 You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令） He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 我告诉你，总有一天他会后悔的。（警告） You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。 Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。（决心） He shall have the book when I finish reading. 我看完这本书就给他看。（允诺） I shall do my homework after reading this story book. 读完这本故事书后我就做作业。2should 表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。 Children should obey their parents.儿童应该服从他们的父母。 One shouldnt be selfish. 人千万别自私。 Customers who get bad service should complain, shouldnt they没有得到满意服务的顾客应该抱怨，不是吗？与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪 How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢 Why should I fear? 我为什么会害怕？ What should she do but cry for help? 除了呼救外，她还能干什么？ I dont know why you should think I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。 表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。 It should be fine tomorrow. 明天可能天是晴天。 He should be taking a bath now. 他可能在洗澡。 Its nearly seven oclock. Jack should be here at any moment.已经快七点了，杰克随时都可能到这儿。 The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。 表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评（应做的事却没做）。 The boys shouldnt be playing football. They should be at school. 这些男孩子不应该在踢足球，他们应该在上课。 You shouldnt have entered the teachers office without permission. 没有允许你们不应该进老师办公室。 Fought to 1表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比should稍重。 We ought to defend our country. 我们应当保卫我们的国家。（每一个公民应尽的义务） You ought to respect your parents. 你应当尊敬你的父母 Oughtnt we to do everything possible to stop pollution.难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗？ 2表示推测，