1、一、词性的分类1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。二、名词名词概论分专有名词、普通名词
2、(分可数名词和不可数名词)名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法例词一般情况加 -smap-maps bag-bags以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -esbus-buses watch-watchesce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加esbaby-babies其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.
3、加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves; 名词复数的不规则变化 1)child-children
4、 foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总
5、称时,作复数用。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,不可数,单。news 不可数 名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag ,mens room 男厕所。2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示,如:the title of the song
6、 歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 如:Johns and Marys room(两间)John and Marys room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or twos absence三、代词人称代词 I;you;he; she;it 反身代词 1) Iyoushehemyselfyourselfherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthems
7、elvesitselfoneself指示代词 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词, 疑问代词 指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代词比较辩异one, that和it one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类
8、但不同个)I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物) 四、冠词不定冠词 a (an) 定冠词the 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. Ive been to the house.3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the
9、 living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名
10、词前:the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark, in the
11、rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词的用法1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length) ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the mo
12、on.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-seven
13、ths六、形容词 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hung
14、ry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school七、副词 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closelyclose意思是近; closely 意思是仔细地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You ha
15、ve come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表
16、示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 形容词与副词的比较级 1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-estta
17、ll(高的) great(巨大的)tallergreatertallestgreatest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnice(好的)large(大的)able(有能力的)nicerlargerablernicestlargestablest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbig(大的)hot (热的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-esteasy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiest busiest少数以-e
18、r,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclever(聪明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。important(重要的)easily(容易地)more importantmore easilymost importantmost easily2) 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good(好的)well(健康的)betterbestbad (坏的)ill(有病的)worseworstold (老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(
19、多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (远的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthest可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等八、动词动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分及物动词、不及物动词,缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 系动词 1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher. 2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有kee
20、p, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.3)表像系动词:用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired.4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He beca
21、me mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。 非谓语动词1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done2)动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been d
22、one否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词九、特殊词精讲stop doing/to do stop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smoking.forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. He forgot turnin
23、g the light off. remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school. Dont you remember seeing the man before? regret doing/to do regret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. I
24、dont regret telling her what I thought. try doing/to do try to do努力,企图做某事。try doing试验,试着做某事。You must try to be more careful. I tried gardening but didnt succeed. go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.Go on doing t
25、he other exercise after you have finished this one. mean doing/to do mean to do打算、想mean doing意味着I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 十、连词如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also,
26、 eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。 notbut 意思为不是而是 not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 比较so和 such: such 是形容词,+n或n词组,so是副词,+adj./adv. (so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固搭。)so foolish ;such a fool so nice a flower;such a nice flowerso m
27、any/ few flowers;such nice flowers so much/little money;such rapid progressso many people ;such a lot of people 十一、介词1.表示地点位置的介词1)at ,in, on, to at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在附近,旁边” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻,接壤,“在上面”。 to 表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到” 2)above, over, on 在上 above 表示一个物体高过另一个物体,不强调是否垂直,与 below相
28、对; over一个物体在另一个物体的垂直上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。 on表示一个物体在另一个物体表面上,并且两个物体互相接触。 3)below, under 在下面 under表示在正下方 below表示在下,不一定在正下方 4)in front frantof, in the front of在前面 in front of意思是“在前面”,指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;反义词是behind(在的后面)。 5)beside,behind beside 表示在旁边 behind 表示在后面 2.表示时间的介词1)in , on,at 在时 in表示较长时
29、间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in ones lifeon表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of yea
30、r, at the beginning of, at Christmas,at night, at noon, at this moment 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day. 2)in, after 在之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;由How soon 对其提问。“for+一段时间”动词用延续性动词。由How often 对其提问。“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后; “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从 fr
31、om仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久; since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。since表示自(某具体时间)以来,常用作完成时态谓语的时间状语。 3.表示运动方向的介词:across, through 通过,穿过 across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关,为二维 through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关,为三维。 4.表示“在之间”的介词: between指在两个人或两个事物之间; among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。 5.表示其他意义的介词1)on ,about 关于on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研
32、究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。 2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with 表示用 工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段; in 表示用方式,用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等; 3)except, besides 除了except 除之外,不包括在内;besides 除之外,包括在内。 Except for Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去) Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了) 常用介词 The
33、 plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。 I think the man is above sixty years old. Can you swim across the river? We live across the street. The car hit against the tree. He is standing against the wall. They are walking along the river. He is the tallest among them. They sat around the table tal
34、king the news. There is a drugstore around the corner. 拐角处有一家药店。 He doesnt like people treat him as a child. He always gets up at six in the morning. He shot at the bird but missed it. He has nothing but money. The classroom was cleaned by the students. Miss Lucy came to China by air. He knows nothi
35、ng except English. He works for this company. She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom. The man in black jacket is our teacher. 省略介词的几种情况1、表示时间的短语中如果有next,last,one,this,every,each,some,any,all等单词时,不用介词 2、在口语中,星期名称前得on常被省略 Why dont you come and play(on)Sunday evening
36、?3、在不定冠词a或an(a或an的意思是“每一.”)的短语中,不用介词。 three meals a day 一日三餐 5、含有height(高度),length(长度),size(尺码),shape(现状),age(年龄),colour(颜色),weight(重量)等词语在句子中做表语时,短语前不用介词。 She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合适当模特。 What size are your shoes? 你的鞋是多大号的? Her bag is the same color as mine 她的包和我的包颜色一样 6、在in t
37、he same way,in this way,in another way等短语中,in常常被省略 Please try it again (in)the same way 请用同样的方法再试一次 7、在表示持续一段时间的短语中,for常被省略 They stayed there (for)six months 他们在那里待了6个月 常用搭配 动词与形容词的搭配 be late for 迟到 be good at 擅长 be interested in 对.感到兴趣 be angry with 对.生气 be full of 充满 be sorry for 对.感到抱歉 be afraid
38、of害怕 be proud of 而自豪,骄傲 be kind(nice) to sb对某人亲切(有好) be sorry for为而抱歉 be fond of爱好 be different from与不同 动词与名词的搭配 on time 按时 by bus 坐公共汽车 on foot 走路 on ones way to 在某人回家的路上 in trouble 陷入麻烦addto 加到上 agree with 同意(某人)arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 beginwith 从开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 bre
39、ak out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring 教育,培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理,收拾 come about 发生,产生 come across (偶然)遇见 come out 出来 ask for 寻求 talk about sth 谈论某事 arrive at(in)到达(某地) call on(sb)拜访,看望(某人) look for寻找 wait for等待 stay with sb和某人待在一起 depend on依赖 come to 共计 达到 comparewith 与比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步,屈服