高二全册英语语法知识点.doc

高二全册的英语语法知识点重点语法构词法：在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成、转化和派生。1.合成法把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法，也叫合词法。（1）合成名词highway 公路（2）合成形容词hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深蓝（3）合成动词ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大规模生产 safe guard 保卫（4）合成副词however 然而 downstairs 在楼下（5）合成代词 anybody nobody something2.转化法转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。（1）动词转化为名词常用give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组，表示一个动作。 eg:give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢take a seat 就座take a bath 洗澡have a swim 游泳have a talk谈话make a wish 许愿（2）形容词转化为副词How long is the road？那条路有多条？（形容词）How long have you been working there?你在那里工作了多久？（副词）（3）形容词转化为动词 eg:The storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半。The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。（4）名词转化为动词 eg:The hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐2000人。The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票。（5）形容词转化为名词Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了点毛病。（形容词）Little children didnt know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨别是非。（名词）3.派生法派生是由词根加词缀（前缀、后缀）构成新词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般只改变词性，不引起词义的变化。前缀例词a-构成形容词、副词Alive（活着的）, abroad（在国外）, alonedis-（否定）discourage, disagreeen-（使可能）enrich, enable(使成为可能)，endangerin-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非）invisible(看不见), illogical（不合逻辑的）, impossible, irregular（不规则的）inter-（相互，之间）international, interchangemis-（误）mislay, misunderstand（误会）,mislead（误导）re-（重复，再）recycle（循环）,remarry, rewritetele-（远程）telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（电信）un-（不），non-（不，非）unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非导体）后缀例词名词-er者foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader-ese地方的人Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese-ian 精通的人，地方的人musician, technician（技术员）， African, Asian-ist 专业人员pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist-ment性质，状态movement（运动）, development, encouragement-ness性质，状态illness, shyness, sadness, business-or器具，者tractor, visitor, professor, actor名词-tion表示动作、过程、结果ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action形容词practical（实用的）,international, finalAmerican, Italian, Australiansouthern, northern, easternhelpful, useful, harmfulreasonable, capable, eatablefoolish, British, English selfishactive, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptivewindy, sleepy, healthy, sunnycareless, selfless（无私心的）,harmless, useless动词-fy使化simplify（简化）, terrify（恐吓）, satisfy-ize使成为realize（实现）, organize, stabilize, modernize副词-ly表示方式、程度badly, truly, angrily, suddenly-ward(s)表示方向toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）数词-teen十fourteen, eighteen, thirteen-ty整十位数forty, fifty, eighty, twenty-th序数词twelfth, twentieth, fourth情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，如可能、义务、必要、猜测等。但本身词义不完全，不能单独做谓语动词，必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。每一个情态动词都有自己的具体含义，都有自己的使用特点。1. can：能力、可以、会。表“许可”时可代替may,但may比较正式。 eg:Most young men can use computers. 大部分年轻人会用计算机。2. could: can的过去式，也可表示语气委婉。 eg:Could you wait for a while？请你等一会儿好吗？3. be able to:能力。比can有更多的形式，但表示过去成功地做了某事时只能用was/were able to，不能用could。 eg:He was able to reach Mount Qomolangma in 1982.他在1982年成功地登上珠穆朗玛峰。4. may：许可、可能 eg:You may borrow the back numbers. 你可以借过期期刊。may的否定形式：may not，但表示“不可以”或“禁止”时用must not eg:May I watch TV now?我现在能看电视吗？No, you mustnt. 不，你不可以看。may还可以表示推测。eg:There may be a few copies left in the bookstore.书店里可能还有几本。5. might: may的过去式。用于推测时语气更加不肯定。 eg:He might be at home today. 今天他可能在家。6. must：必须。表示说话人的主观意志。 have to表示客观需要；且比must有更多的时态形式。 eg:We must hand in our papers today.（主观看法）今天我们必须把卷子交上去。We have to get there before dark. （客观需要）天黑前我们必须到达那里。对must引导的问句作否定回答时常用neednt或dont have to。 eg:Must I leave now?我现在必须走吗？No, you neednt. (You dont have to.)不，你不必。7. shall：在疑问句中用于第一、三人称，表示征求意见或请求指示。 eg:Shall I turn off the power?要不要我把电源切断？shall用于二、三人称表示命令、警告或允诺。 eg:You shall be punished.你会受到惩罚的。8. should:应该；ought to:义务、责任，语气稍重一些。 eg:You should keep your promise. 你应该遵守你的诺言。We ought to help them when they are in trouble.当他们有麻烦时，我们有责任帮助他们。9. will:表示意愿 eg:I will stop smoking.我要戒烟。在疑问句中用于第二人称表示询问和请求。 eg:Will/Would you please do me a favor?请帮帮忙好吗？10. would: will的过去式，表示提出请求时语气较委婉。（1）在下面的句型中要用would,不用will。Would you mind if I smoke a cigarette?我能抽一支烟吗？Would you like to have a look at the house?你想看一看这房屋吗？（2）但在否定句中用will，不用would。 eg:Wont you sit down?你不坐一会儿吗？（3）would可表示过去的习惯动作，可和used to互换，但used to表示现在不存在的习惯。 eg:When I was in Shanghai, she would tell me about the great changes there.当我在上海时她总是对我讲上海的巨大变化。He used to drink alcohol, but now he drinks beer.他过去喝白酒，但现在喝啤酒。11. need与dare: 既可作情态动词也可作实义动词。一般在肯定句中作实义动词，在否定句和疑问句中作情态动词。 eg:Dare you go out alone at night?(dare是情态动词)晚上你一个人敢出去吗？The bike needs to be repaired.(need是实义动词)这辆自行车需要修理。12.情态动词+have done表示对过去发生事情的推测。（1）may/might have done表示“可能”might语气婉转。但主句中动词为过去时态，一定要用might。 eg:He said she might have missed the train. 他说她可能没赶上火车。（2）could have done表示“本来能够做某事”。 eg:You could have succeeded. 你本能够成功。（事实是失败了。）（3）cant/couldnt have done表示“不可能发生某事”。 eg:He thought his son couldnt have taken all the tablets.他认为他儿子不可能把药全都吃了。（4）must have done表示“肯定发生了某事”。 eg:The windows look bright and clean today. Some must have cleaned them. 窗子这么干净明亮，一定有人擦过了。（5）should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事”。 eg:You should have kept the matches under lock and key.你应该把火柴保管好。（带有责任的意思）（6）neednt have done本没有必要做某事。 eg:There was plenty of time, so she neednt have hurried.时间很充裕，她本不用匆匆忙忙的。13.某些固定结构中情态动词用法。（1）had better+动词原形，否定形式为：had better not do eg:You had better go to school at once.你最好立刻去上学。（2）would rather+动词原形，否定形式为：would rather not do eg:I would rather do it right away. 我宁可立即就做。被动语态（一）被动语态被动语态常用在没有必要或不可能说明动作的执行者的句子中。被动语态的构成是be+动词的过去分词，应该注意的是：语法变化要在be动词上体现，助动词放在be动词前。下面5个例句均选自近年来全国高考英语试卷。请同学们根据上下语境，认真体会各种时态中的被动语态的用法。1.一般现在时的被动语态 eg:I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.2.现在完成时的被动语态 eg:Ive been told the sports meet must be put off.Yes, it all depends on the weather.3.现在进行时的被动语态 eg:Have you moved into the new house?Not yet, the rooms are being painted.4.一般过去时的被动语态 eg:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5.过去完成时的被动语态 eg:The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen.有时在被动语态的句子后面加上by+动作的执行者，有时在被动语态的句子后面加上with+动作的手段、方法或工具。 eg:He was killed by a falling stone.他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了。He was killed with a knife.他被人用刀子杀死了。（二）习惯上不使用被动语态的几种情况1.不及物动词（词组）如：happen, remain, stay, appear, fall, rise, belong to, break out, take place 等。2. draw, read, sell, wash, write, open, wear等作不及物动词用，常用主动表被动。 eg:The door wont open. 门打不开。3.不定式在easy, difficult, fit等形容词之后作状语时，常用主动形式而不用被动形式。 eg:His speech isnt easy to understand. 他的演讲不易理解。4.在need, want, require 等动词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义（也可用不定式的被动式）。 eg:The matter wants looking into.(=The matter wants to be looked into.)这件事需要调查。The bike needs repairing.(=The bike needs to be repaired.)这辆自行车需要修理。5.在形容词worth后面用动名词的主动形式表被动，不可接不定式。但可用be worthy to be done或be worthy of being done. eg:The book is worth readingThe book is worthy to be readagain.这本书值得再次阅读。The book is worthy of being read6.不定式作定语时，如果句子的主语或宾语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 eg:I have something important to do. 我有重要的事情要做。非谓语动词（一）不定式（1）时态的构成不定式常用的时态有；一般式、完成式和进行式。其构成为：一般式：to do完成式：to have done进行式：to be doing（2）时态的用法不定式所表示的动作与句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，不定式用to do形式；不定式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之后，也用一般式。 eg:Im glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。My uncle asked me to see him next summer.我叔叔让我明年夏天去看他。当不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即to have done。 eg:Im glad to have seen your father yesterday.我很高兴昨天见到了你的父亲。在seem, appear, happen, think, consider, believe等词后，有时用不定式的进行时形式to be doing，表示这些动作发生的同时，不定式所表示的动作或状态也正在进行着。 eg:They seemed to be talking about you. 他们好像在谈论你。The two cheats pretended to be working hard.这两个骗子假装在拼命工作。2.不定式的被动式动词不定式的被动形式为to be done。如果不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式要用被动语态。 eg:The students want to be sent to work in our company.这些学生想分到我们公司工作。3.不定式的主动语态代替被动语态（1）当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，而且与句中另一个代词有主谓关系时。 eg:He has nothing to do.他无事可做。（2）不定式在“主+系+表（形容词）”结构中作状语且句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时。 eg:This work is easy to do. 这项工作很容易做。（3）当不定式修饰there be句型中的主语时。 eg:There is a baby to look after. 有个小孩需要照顾。4.不定式在句中的作用（1）作主语 eg:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。注：不定式作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。当不定式作主语的句子中又有不定式作表语时，不能用it is to 句型 eg:To see is to believe.（正确） Its to believe to see.（错误）（2）作宾语 eg:He decided to go home.他决定回家了。（3）作宾语补足语 eg:I wait for you to decide. 我等你作决定。（4）作定语（表将要发生的行为） eg:They have nothing to eat. 他们没有东西吃。（5）作状语 eg:They are excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息他们非常高兴。（6）作表语 eg:Her wish is to become an actress. 她的愿望是成为一名演员。5. Its for sb.和Its of sb.（1）for sb.常用表示事物的特征、特点，表客观形式的形容词，如：hard, easy, interesting, impossible等 eg:Its hard for him to do this work. 对他来说做这项工作太难了。（2）of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格、品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, brave, careful, stupid, wise, right等 eg:Its very kind of you to help me. 你来帮我，你真是太好了。辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，形容词作表语造句，如道理上通顺用of，不通则用for eg:You are kind.（通顺，用of） He is hard.(不通，用for)（二）分词1.形式：现在分词doing 例：reading, playing过去分词done 例：gone, done, said2.现在分词和过去分词的区别（1）现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 eg:The girl sitting on the chair is my sister.坐在椅子上的女孩是我妹妹。（主动）The teacher came in, followed by his students.老师走了进来，后面跟着他的学生。（2）现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成 eg:a developing country 一个发展中国家a developed country 一个发达国家3.分词的作用（1）分词作定语：分词前置an interesting story一个有趣的故事 a retired worker一个退休工人分词后置（通常为词组，个别词如given, left常后置修饰不定代词）eg: The man standing at the window is our teacher.站在窗户旁的男人是我们的老师。This is the food left. 这就是剩下的食物。There is nothing interesting. 一点有趣的东西都没有。分词作状语：可以表示原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等，均可转换成相应的状语从句。（伴随状语除外） eg:Not receiving any letter, I gave him a call.=As I didnt receive any letter, I gave him a call.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。（原因）Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.=If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。（条件）（3）分词作表语 eg:The story is interesting. 那个故事很有趣。He is excited. 他很兴奋。（4）分词作补语通常放在感观动词和使役动词后 eg:I found my car missing. 我发现我的车丢了。Ill have my watch repaired. 我要把我的表修修。注：在keep, leave, send, have后既可用现在分词构成宾补，也可用过去分词作宾补，现在分词表处于某种状态，而过去分词表被动。 eg:Im sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 很抱歉让你等这么长时间。He has his feet injured. 他把脚伤了。非谓语动词(二)1.过去分词、现在分词的被动语态和动词不定式的被动语态作定语的区别：过去分词作定语，表示分词的动作已经完成；现在分词的被动语态作定语，表示分词的动作正在进行；动词不定式的被动语态作定语表示动词不定式的动作将要发生。How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields.（浪费掉的时间）The hospital to be built is the biggest one in our city.（将要建的医院）The question being discussed now is paid great attention to.（正在讨论的问题）2.非谓语动词常考的内容如下：（1）考查过去分词作后置定语，表动作的完成。 eg:Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.（2）考查过去分词作宾补，表被动意义。 eg:The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.（3）考查动名词的被动结构。 eg:What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.（4）考查不定式的一般式的被动语态。 eg:Little Tom should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.（5）考查使役动词的被动语态与带to的不定式的连用。 eg:John was made to work six days a week.直接宾语和间接宾语（Direct and Indirect Objects）1.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用to置换间接宾语的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, promise, read, write, show, teach, throw, pass, pay, send, wish, sell, return, tell, allow, cause等。 eg:2.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用for置换间接宾语的动词有：buy, choose, look, find, get, make, order, paint, play, reach, sing, spare, do, fetch等。 eg:3.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用of置换间接宾语的动词有ask。 eg:4.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用for和to或其他介词置换间接宾语的动词有do, leave, play。 eg:注；在下列情况下，只能用直接宾语+介词结构：当直接宾语是人称代词时 eg:He took off his boots and handed them to the guard.他把靴子交给卫兵。当强调间接宾语时 eg:Youd better hand the paper to the official directly.你最好把论文直接交给那位官员。当间接宾语比直接宾语长时 eg:He is going to show the picture to the comrade sitting next to him.他打算把这张画给坐在他旁边的同志看看。当间接宾语为疑问代词时 eg:Who did you send the package to?你把包裹寄给谁了？定语从句（一）定义在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。eg:As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information.一般说来，生活中最成功的人是获得最佳信息的人。（二）分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否密切，它可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这个从句，不影响主句意思的完整。一般用逗号分开。 eg:Were going to do something thats never been done before.我们要做以前从未做过的事。（限制性定从）I have lost the pen, which I like very much.我丢了那支我十分喜欢的笔。（非限制性定从）（三）关系词1. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词：指代对象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主语who, thatwhich, that, asthat宾语whom, thatwhich, that, asthat定语whosewhoseeg: The doctor whom/that you are looking for is in the room.你正找的那位医生在屋子里。（指人，作宾语。）A man who/that is perfectly pleased with the present state of things is a failure.完全满足于现状的人是个失败者。(指人，作主语)Do you know the man whose name is Wang Bing?你知道那个叫王兵的人吗？（指人，作定语）The building which/that stands near the river is our shool.河边矗立的那座建筑物是我们的学校。（指物，作主语）Is this the book which/ that she was looking for?这是她刚找的那本书吗？（指物，作宾语）The building whose windows face south was built last year.那栋窗户朝南开的楼房是去年建的。（指物，作定语）注：whom, which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom/which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。 eg:The room in which there is a machine is the workshop.有机器的那间房是车间。This is the person whom you are looking for.这是你要找的那个人。2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词：指代对象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主语whowhich, as无宾语whomwhich, as无定语whosewhoseeg: I have two sisters, who are both students.我有两个姐姐，她们都是学生。（指人，作主语）She is a lovely girl, whom we all like.她是一个我们都喜欢的可爱的女孩。（指人，作宾语）His new house, which is situated at the foot of the hill, is very big.他的新房子坐落在山脚下，很大。（指物，作主语）I like the same book as you do.（指物，作宾语）注：（1）引导非限制性定语从句时，绝对不能用that。(2)as与which的区别：as有“正如，好像”之意，which没有。as通常放在主句之前，而which通常放在主句之后。 eg:As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.众所周知，他是我们班最好的学生。He passed the final exam, which made us happy.他通过了考试，这让我们很高兴。(3)as可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和状语，构成the sameas, suchas等结构。 eg:I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本像他那样的字典。(4)as的常用插入语式的句式有：as is said above综上所述；as already mentioned above正如已经阐述到的；as was expected正如预料的那样；as we all know众所周知；as is reported in the newspaper正如报纸所报道的。3.关系副词常用关系副词有when, where, why。 eg:I will never forget the day when I met Mr Liu.我永远也忘不了见到刘先生的那天。This is the place where we lived for 5 years.这是我们已经居住5年的地方。I know the reason why he came late.我知道他来晚的原因。注：先行词是时间、地点名词时，并非都用when/where。若从句的谓语动词是不及物动词，作状语，则用when/where;是及物动词，作主语、宾语，则用that/which。 eg:This is the house that/which he visited last year. 这是他去年参观过的房子。This is the house where he lived last year.这是他去年住过的房子。（四）常见指物时用that而不用which的情况。1.先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。eg: All that we have to do is to practise every day.