2022届高考英语一轮总复习-专题三-介词和介词短语学案新人教版.doc

2022届高考英语一轮总复习 专题三 介词和介词短语学案新人教版2022届高考英语一轮总复习 专题三 介词和介词短语学案新人教版年级：姓名：专题三介词和介词短语考点精讲 介词考点一按词汇意义分类1表示时间的介词介词用法短语/例句atat表示某个时间点、时刻等at midnight，at dawn/daybreak，at sunrise/sunset，at duskonon表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上on October the first，on a rainy day，on National Day，on Christmas Eve，on the afternoon of his arrivalinin表示在某段较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等in the 1980s/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/eveningafter和in“after加一段时间”作时间状语，相当于“一段时间加later”，句子用过去时态；“in加一段时间”作时间状语，指离说话时多长时间以后，句子用将来时态He returned home after a week (a week later)They will come to visit us in a weekfor和since(1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语(2)“since加时间点”意为“自从，”作完成时态句子的时间状语He has lived in the small village for five yearsI studied in Shandong University for four yearsI havent heard from him since three years agoHe has been waiting here since 2 oclock2表示方位的at，in，on，to介词用法例句at表示地点时，后常接相对较小的地方MrSmith met his wife at the shop in 1941in表示地点时，后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterdayon表示地点时，常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域Mongolia，which lies on the north of China，is a beautiful countryto表示地点时，常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置As is known to all，Japan is to the east of China3表示方位的across，through，over，past介词用法例句across表示“从的表面穿过”He walked across the square to meet usthrough表示“从的内部穿过”The guide led us through the forestover表示“从的上面跨过”The thief jumped over the fence and fled awaypast表示“从的旁边经过”She walked past the shop4表示范围的between，among介词用法例句between一般用于两者之间Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursdayamong一般用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”I found it among a pile of old books 特别提示：between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。the difference between the three of them他们三者之间的区别the relations between various countries各国之间的关系among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。The book is the best among the modern novels在现代小说中这本是最好的。考点二其他常用介词1表示交通方式的by，in，on“by名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词；但是in，on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词等。He goes to work by car every day他每天开车去上班。He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day他每天开车/骑车去上班。2表示“用”的by，in，withby侧重方式、方法，多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前； in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前；with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。He earned his living by selling newspapers他通过卖报纸谋生。Please write the answer in ink请用墨水写答案。They are digging with spades他们在用铁锹挖。3表示“除外”的 except，besidesexcept表示“除之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除；besides表示“除之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的。All my friends took part in the competition except John除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。He has learned German and French besides English除了英语他还学了德语和法语。4表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, withfor表示原因，常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而”。from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”，如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。I am sorry for what I said to you我很抱歉对你讲那些话。He was surprised at the news听到这消息他大吃一惊。He died from the wound他因受伤而死亡。The old man died of hunger老人死于饥饿。He was shaking with anger他气得浑身发抖。5表示“如，像”的as，likeas表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”，意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。I long to fly like a bird in the sky我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。They were all dressed as clowns他们都打扮成小丑。介词短语介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有：(一)介词与名词的常用搭配1at名词at sea 茫然，在大海上at table 在吃饭at will 任意地2beyond名词beyond description 难以形容beyond doubt 无疑beyond ones reach 够不着3by名词by mistake 错误地4in名词in advance 事先，提前in common 共有，共同in need 需要in turn 轮流in sight 看得见in the way 挡道，妨碍5in名词ofin terms of 就而言in need of 需要in favor of 支持，赞成in search of 寻找in the form of 以形式in place of 代替in front of 在前面in case of 假使in honour of 为纪念in spite of 尽管in charge of 掌管，负责6on名词on purpose 故意地on behalf of 代表on leave 在休假on time 准时7out of名词out of sight 看不见out of reach 够不着out of order 发生故障out of control 失去控制(二)介词与形容词的常用搭配1beadjaboutbe anxious about 忧虑be curious about 对好奇be particular about 对讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about 对担心2beadjatbe angry at 因生气be good at 擅长be astonished at 对吃惊be present at 出席3beadjinbe absorbed in 专注于be active in 积极于be dressed in 穿着be engaged in 忙于be rich in 富含be occupied in 忙于4beadjforbe eager for 渴望be famous for 以著名be fit for 适合，胜任be ready for 准备好be sorry for 对感到抱歉be prepared for 为做好准备5beadjfrombe absent from 缺席be different from 不同于be far from 远离be free from 不受影响6beadjtobe close to 接近be devoted to 致力于be equal to 等于be familiar to 对来说熟悉be friendly to 对友好be harmful to 对有危害be kind to 对友好be similar to 与相似be grateful to 对心存感激7beadjofbe aware of 意识到be fond of 喜欢be proud of 因而自豪be short of 缺乏8beadjwithbe busy with 忙于be familiar with 对熟悉be combined with 与结合be patient with 对有耐心be popular with 受的欢迎be pleased with 对感到满意be angry with (sb) 对(某人)发怒(三)与名词构成的常用搭配1“atn”表示状态at peace处于和平中 at a loss不知所措at work在工作 at war 在战争中2“onn”表示状态on exhibition/show在展出 on fire 着火on sale出售；打折 on the way在途中3“byn”表示方式by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然 by coincidence 碰巧4“inn” 表示方式in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上in detail详细地 in height在高度上5“ofn”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit 有益处的of help 有帮助的6“out ofn”表示状态out of balance 失去平衡out of breath 上气不接下气7“withn”表示方式with delight/joy 高兴地with difficulty 困难地难点释疑 难点一介词的省略1当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each, some，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like你想哪天来就哪天来。2表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away每天一个苹果，医生远离我。3习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time(in) doing sth，waste some time(in)doing sth，have difficulty/trouble(in) doing sth，be busy(in)doing sth, stop/prevent sb(from) doing sth等。【典例】 I had great difficulty _finding_ (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant解析：分析句子结构可知，题干中含有have difficulty (in) doing sth结构，在该结构中介词in常可省略。所以填finding。难点二介词不可遗漏的问题1在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to这个问题很值得关注。3在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。解题策略 策略一分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。【典例】We should talk about the things _beyond_ the childrens understanding in a simple way解析：句意：我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出，为所不能及”，符合句意。策略二记牢搭配1注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。【典例】 In some cases，different approaches _to_ the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories解析：句意：在一些情形下，对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同，就会得出互相矛盾的理论。approach to “的方法”，是固定搭配。策略三注意一词多义【典例】You should fly your kite _against_ the wind，or it cannot fly high解析：句意：你应该逆着风放风筝，否则它飞不高。against“逆着，迎着”，符合语境。易错聚焦 1句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)I often come to school take bus, but sometimes I come by my fathers car(正)I often come to school by bus, but sometimes I come in my fathers car3英汉差异造成的介词错用达标检测 单句语法填空1(2020浙江卷)Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived _in_，through agriculture解析：考查介词。句意：公元前10 000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“they lived _”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world。 live in名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。2(2020浙江卷)Farming produced more food per person _than_ hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children 解析：考查固定搭配。句意：农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知，此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比，应用比较连词than。morethan，意为“比更。”故填than。3(2020新课标卷)The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so _than_ the familiar near side解析：考查介词。句意：因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级more so可知，此处填介词than，表示“比更”。故填than。4(2020新课标卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist _on_ earth, Mother Nature解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。5(2019浙江卷)The answer _to_ this question is not clear解析：考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to 这是固定搭配，“的答案是”。故填to。6(2018浙江卷)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _for_ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her 解析：考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示去向、目的用介词for。故填for。7(全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) _as_ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight解析：此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词as。8(全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree _in_ engineering or architecture解析：关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture“工程学或建筑学学位”。9(全国卷)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _with_ their hands解析：with ones hands“用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。10(全国卷)For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away _by_ car and offers all the scenery of the better known city解析：根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一个小时的路程”。“by交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。故填by。11(广东)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died Then the Johnsons had to make a living _without_ the cow解析：根据句意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。12(2019全国卷)Modern methods _of/for_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area 解析：考查介词。此处tracking polar bear populations作modern methods的定语，用of 连接，“methods of doing sth”，意为“的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。13(2019全国卷)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _of_ dogs，seven to be exact解析：考查介词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填of。14(2018全国卷)I was searching _for_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried解析：考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地的大猩猩。故填for。15(全国卷)It(the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _from_ work解析：travel to and from work“上下班”。故填from。16(全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back _to_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s解析：go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。故填to。17(全国卷)Most of us are more focused _on_ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day解析：句意：我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。 be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。故填on。18(全国卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; _at_ the same time, they warm up again for the night解析：at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。故填at。19(新课标全国)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board I got a place next _to_ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk解析：此处考查一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。故填to。单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2020新课标卷I)After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove, I waited patiently until the oil was hot_将off改为on_解析：考查介词。句意：之后我把油倒进一个平底锅，然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan及常识可知，把油倒进锅里后应是打开炉子，所以此处应使用短语turn on，故将off改为on。2(2020新课标卷II)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day_去掉on_解析：考查介词。句意：我们就可以每天一起练习。介词on后接的是具体时间。every day 译为“每一天”，前不能用有任何介词修饰。故on多余，应去掉。3(2020新课标卷)Im glad to know that youve come China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown_come后加to_解析：考查介词。句意：我很高兴知道你来中国在我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。分析句子，此处come为不及物动词，后接宾语是需加相应介词。come to 译为“来到”是固定短语。故在come 和China之间加to。4(2018全国卷)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed_去掉for_解析：考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。5(2018全国卷)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes _forwith_解析：考查介词。play the games with sb表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。6(全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents It was very crowded Tony saw a toy on a shop window_onin_解析：玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。7(陕西)My soccer coach retired in last week_去掉in_解析：last week上个星期，前面无需加介词。8(2019全国卷)When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor _在high school前加in/at_解析：考查介词。“在高中”需要用介词in或者at，故在high school前加in/at。9(2019全国III卷) I want my cafe have a special theme such as like “Tang Dynasty”_去掉like_解析：考查介词。such as和like都是用来举例子，重复了。故把like删除。10(全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road_onof_解析：in the middle of在的中间，是固定搭配。11(全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools_去掉for_解析：表示“买某物”直接用buy sth。buy还可用于buy sb sth或buy sth for sb表示“为某人买某物”。12(全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies_去掉of_解析：realize“认识到，意识到”，是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。13(全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time_dreams后加of_解析：固定短语dream of doing sth意为“梦想做某事”。14(浙江)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge_inon_解析：on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在的上面/顶端”。故将in改成on。15(四川)Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping_去掉on_解析：go shopping去购物；go on shopping继续购物。16(四川)Please help with me and give me some advice_去掉with_解析：动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故删除with。语法填空(介词专练)I was in a restaurant I noticed an elderly couple _1with_ a balloon tied to their table When I asked them what the occasion was, they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary I was glad and sad _2for_ them at the same time I was glad because they still cherished each other I was sad because they were _3on_ their own, without any children or friends After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill I tried to do it, and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were _4to_ me Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid _5for_ them All of us were nearly _6in_ tears: the couple, the manager, the waitresses and meTwo months later I got a call _7from_ a newspaper telling me my simple act of kind