2022版高考英语一轮复习-语法专题突破-专题三-介词和介词短语学案外研版.doc

2022版高考英语一轮复习 语法专题突破 专题三 介词和介词短语学案外研版2022版高考英语一轮复习 语法专题突破 专题三 介词和介词短语学案外研版年级：姓名：专题三介词和介词短语 考点精讲 一介词考点一按词汇意义分类1表示时间的介词介词用法短语/例句atat表示某个时间点、时刻等at midnight，at dawn/daybreak，at sunrise/sunset，at duskonon表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上on October the first，on a rainy day，on National Day，on Christmas Eve，on the afternoon of his arrivalinin表示在某段较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等in the 1980s/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/eveningafter和in“after加一段时间”作时间状语，相当于“一段时间加later”，句子用过去时态；“in加一段时间”作时间状语，指离说话时多长时间以后，句子用将来时态He returned home after a week (a week later). They will come to visit us in a week. for和since(1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语(2)“since加时间点”意为“自从，”作完成时态句子的时间状语He has lived in the small village for five years. I studied in Shandong University for four years. I havent heard from him since three years ago. He has been waiting here since 2 oclock. 2表示方位的at，in，on，to介词用法例句at表示地点时，后常接相对较小的地方Mr. Smith met his wife at the shop in 1941in表示地点时，后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterday. on表示地点时，常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域Mongolia，which lies on the north of China，is a beautiful country. to表示地点时，常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置As is known to all，Japan is to the east of China. 3表示方位的across，through，over，past介词用法例句across表示“从的表面穿过”He walked across the square to meet us. through表示“从的内部穿过”The guide led us through the forest. over表示“从的上面跨过”The thief jumped over the fence and fled away. past表示“从的旁边经过”She walked past the shop. 4表示范围的between，among介词用法例句between一般用于两者之间Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursday. among一般用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”I found it among a pile of old books. 特别提示：between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。the difference between the three of them他们三者之间的区别the relations between various countries各国之间的关系among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。The book is the best among the modern novels. 在现代小说中这本是最好的。考点二其他常用介词1表示交通方式的by，in，on“by名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词；但是in，on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词等。He goes to work by car every day. 他每天开车去上班。He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day. 他每天开车/骑车去上班。2表示“用”的by，in，withby侧重方式、方法，多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前； in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前；with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。He earned his living by selling newspapers. 他通过卖报纸谋生。Please write the answer in ink. 请用墨水写答案。They are digging with spades. 他们在用铁锹挖。3表示“除外”的 except，besidesexcept表示“除之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除；besides表示“除之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的。All my friends took part in the competition except John. 除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。He has learned German and French besides English. 除了英语他还学了德语和法语。4表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, withfor表示原因，常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而”。from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”，如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。I am sorry for what I said to you. 我很抱歉对你讲那些话。He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。He died from the wound. 他因受伤而死亡。The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。5表示“如，像”的as，likeas表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”，意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。I long to fly like a bird in the sky. 我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。They were all dressed as clowns. 他们都打扮成小丑。二介词短语介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有：(一)介词与名词的常用搭配1at名词at sea 茫然，在大海上at table在吃饭at will任意地2beyond名词beyond description难以形容beyond doubt无疑beyond ones reach够不着3by名词by mistake错误地4in名词in advance事先，提前in common共有，共同in need需要in turn轮流in sight看得见in the way挡道，妨碍5in名词ofin terms of就而言in need of需要in favor of支持，赞成in search of寻找in the form of以形式in place of代替in front of在前面in case of假使in honour of为纪念in spite of尽管in charge of掌管，负责6on名词on purpose故意地on behalf of代表on leave在休假on time准时7out of名词out of sight看不见out of reach够不着out of order发生故障out of control失去控制(二)介词与形容词的常用搭配1beadj. aboutbe anxious about忧虑be curious about对好奇be particular about对讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about对担心2beadj. atbe angry at因生气be good at擅长be astonished at对吃惊be present at出席3beadj. inbe absorbed in专注于be active in积极于be dressed in穿着be engaged in忙于be rich in富含be occupied in忙于4beadj. forbe eager for渴望be famous for以著名be fit for适合，胜任be ready for准备好be sorry for对感到抱歉be prepared for为做好准备5beadj. frombe absent from缺席be different from不同于be far from远离be free from不受影响6beadj. tobe close to接近be devoted to致力于be equal to等于be familiar to对来说熟悉be friendly to对友好be harmful to对有危害be kind to对友好be similar to与相似be grateful to对心存感激7beadj. ofbe aware of意识到be fond of喜欢be proud of因而自豪be short of缺乏8beadj. withbe busy with忙于be familiar with对熟悉be combined with与结合be patient with对有耐心be popular with受的欢迎be pleased with对感到满意be angry with (sb. )对(某人)发怒(三)与名词构成的常用搭配1“atn. ”表示状态at peace处于和平中at a loss不知所措at work在工作at war 在战争中2“onn. ”表示状态on exhibition/show在展出on fire 着火on sale出售；打折on the way在途中3“byn. ”表示方式by accident偶然by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然by coincidence 碰巧4“inn. ” 表示方式in cash用现金付款in depth在深度上in detail详细地in height在高度上5“ofn. ”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的of help有帮助的6“out ofn. ”表示状态out of balance失去平衡out of breath上气不接下气7“withn. ”表示方式with delight/joy高兴地with difficulty困难地 难点释疑 难点一介词的省略1当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each, some，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week. 上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。2表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一个苹果，医生远离我。3习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time(in) doing sth. ，waste some time(in)doing sth. ，have difficulty/trouble(in) doing sth. ，be busy(in)doing sth. , stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth. 等。【典例】 I had great difficulty _finding (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. 解析：分析句子结构可知，题干中含有have difficulty (in) doing sth. 结构，在该结构中介词in常可省略。所以填finding。难点二介词不可遗漏的问题1在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten. 这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。3在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。 解题策略 策略一分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。【典例】We should talk about the things _beyond the childrens understanding in a simple way. 解析：句意：我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出，为所不能及”，符合句意。策略二记牢搭配1注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。【典例】 In some cases，different approaches _to the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories. 解析：句意：在一些情形下，对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同，就会得出互相矛盾的理论。approach to “的方法”，是固定搭配。策略三注意一词多义【典例】You should fly your kite _against the wind，or it cannot fly high. 解析：句意：你应该逆着风放风筝，否则它飞不高。against“逆着，迎着”，符合语境。 易错聚焦 1句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少2因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误(误)I often come to school take bus, but sometimes I come by my fathers car. (正)I often come to school by bus, but sometimes I come in my fathers car. 3英汉差异造成的介词错用