采油安全监控系统的设计开题报告-外文翻译-文献综述.doc

理工科类 本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告论文(设计)题目采油安全监控系统的设计作者所在系别机械工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级 作 者 姓 名 作 者 学 号 指导教师姓名 指导教师职称 完 成 时 间 年 月 毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名 专 业机械设计制造及其自动化班 级 指导教师姓名 职 称 工作单位 课题来源 课题性质 课题名称采油安全监控系统的设计本设计的科学依据（科学意义和应用前景，国内外研究概况，目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等）近年来，随着国内老油田开发难度的进一步加大和油田信息化建设的迫切要求，自动控制和信息化技术已越来越得到各油田的普遍重视，自动化生产控制和快速便捷的生产信息传递方式的优越性正得到充分体现，它在油田联合站生产过程中的应用必将带来可观的经济效益和社会效益。同时随着油田勘探的不断深入,采油车的使用越来越普遍,但就目前使用的采油车,不仅存在不安全隐患,而且现有采油车自动化程度较低,采油作业操作还完全是手动控制,不仅效率低,而且对操作员的经验和技术水平要求很高。因此迫切需要对采油车做进一步的改进。提高油田作业工作的安全性是石油开采和发展的重要因素, 作为石油采油行业系统更是最重要组成的部分, 其企业必须时刻关注石油开采安全。而钻井修井车的安全性对企业效益和声誉影响极大。所以石油各行业每年都要投入相当部分资金针对安全隐患进行研发相应的产品。试油单位使用的设备由于没有很好的安全装置，在以往的开采工作过程中发生多次如天车被碰和设备破坏井口伤人事件, 且其日常使用工人的劳动强度大和维护费较高。若能研发一种安全仪器使其对开采设备进行预警、自动断离合和自动刹车等, 则安全性将极大的提高，大大的降低工人的劳动强度，通用性强。所以对提高石油行业的安全性有大意义。 设计内容和预期成果（具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式）根据作业现场情况制定设计仪器方案，在充分考虑到各种条件的前提下，初步建立的较理想设计方案，保证仪器的可靠性能，为石油开采设备的安全性建立理论基础；同时考虑现场的多种对仪器工作的不利因素，来设计仪器的结构布局和电路抗干扰设计。 拟解决的关键问题是使用设备现场温度高，噪音和振动大，周边环境被溅出的石油污染，这些因素为仪器的设计方案提出了较高的要求，如何使仪器能适应这样恶劣条件下并能正常工作是研发的关键和难点。实验成功后将在提高企业经济性方面有重要意义：由于安全性能的大大提高，较大的延长了设备的使用年限,相对的是为企业节约了大量更换新设备成本。由于使用效果良好, 并且具有安装方便、便于操作等特点, 解决了修井作业系统长期悬而未决的技术难题,是作业工人的好助手,具有较高的推广价值。企业经济性的效益是石油市场竞争的关键之一。 拟采取设计方法和技术支持（设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等）利用机械设计和电子电路，单片机，以及石油开采知识，结合相应的软件设计和分析以及现场设备工作情况，建立较理想的安装结构和电路设计方案。在设计的方案下，初步做出样机首先在实验条件下模拟工作，再满足的前提下，再去做现场测试。 根据机械结构原理，电子电路知识的分析，结合软件分析，获取实际资料，取得现场数据，具有较强的可操作性。根据开采设备的安全性能要求和特殊的工作环境，制定出合理的结构设计和适应石油开发的特殊环境下工作的电路，建立了可靠的单片机工作和监控系统。该项目最终的产品有较多特色：1、数字/光柱高度双显示 ；2、刹车预警；3、刹车预警点的任意调整；4、智能控制离合器及刹车；5、紧急制动刹车；7、多设备用途；8、仪器系统自检；9、优化设计：采用汽车级标准设计，抗震性好，稳定性高，故障率低，耐高、低温能力强，使用寿命长。从理论和实际上探索工作设备的安全性情况，节省了工作强度和生产成本，因此减少经济损失, 杜绝安全事故, 实现经济效益和社会效益的双重目的,可以更好地为石油生产服务。实现本项目预期目标和已具备的条件（包括过去学习、研究工作基础，现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等）本系有较全的单片机试验系统并开放，试验条件和测试条件具备；有开放的机房和相关的软件可以使用。可以联系利用外系的电子和电路测试仪器和试验教室，为电路部分的设计和试验准备了条件。由于熟悉油田环境，可以方便的到作业现场测量和设计，以及试验获得数据。该系统的成功之处在于监测的生产参数比较齐全，覆盖了多个生产检测和控制点，各生产环节的压力、温度、流量、液位等安全生产参数都实施了在线实时监测。该系统控制协调有效，突出了整个联合站大系统一体化运行的生产控制理念，将不同的生产分系统有机地联系起来，解决了原生产子系统独立运行，相互之间依靠人工调节，相互制约的矛盾，实现了联合站的整体优化运行。该系统设计时将安全生产和系统节能的理念植于其中，基本达到了自动安全生产控制和能源合理利用相互协调的目标。该系统成功运用了故障诊断技术，建立以“状态维修”为基础的预防维修体制，保证了联合站各种设备的安全、高效运行。 通过实施生产参数自动优化控制，实现各控制环节的无人值守，实时准确测量各项参数，使全站各系统自动安全高效优化运行，提高设备利用率，提高各生产工序效果，达到节能降耗的目的。减少职工的劳动强度，及时发现问题，及时解决；提高企业的自动化管理水平。各环节拟定阶段性工作进度(以周为单位)时间进度安排：第七学期第10周第13周：查阅资料，撰写文献综述，外文资料翻译；第14周第16周：开题报告撰写、修改，完成开题。第八学期第1周第3周：理论分析，方案可行性评价，方案确定；第4周第12周：文件编制，工装设计，使用说明书撰写；第13周第16周：毕业论文撰写，毕业答辩。开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要时 间地点主持人参会教师姓 名职 务（职 称）姓 名职 务（职 称）论证情况摘要 记录人：指导教师意见指导教师签名： 年 月 日教研室意见教研室主任签名： 年 月 日译文标题基于PLC的石油储运监控系统的设计原文标题PLC-based oil storage and transportation monitoring and control system design作 者Paul.millsap译 名保罗.米尔萨普国 籍美国原文出处Modern Manufacturing Process Engineering原文：PLC-based oil storage and transportation monitoring and control system designAbstract This paper introduces the PLC-based oil storage and transportation monitoring and control system design, system components, control and communications network, described the use of master controller Pakscan intelligent electric valve characteristics and means of communication with the PLC . 1 Foreword Medium crude oil storage tank farm and pipeline used in a variety of control valves are essential to the process of oil storage and transportation of live instrumentation, and its level of intelligence, information contained in the number and the fault diagnosis and fault tolerance a direct impact on data acquisition and monitoring system reliability, stability and ease of use. Tank is usually in the large number of control valves and scattered, the general information contained in the control valves and wiring less variety, which at a certain extent so that the design of tank monitoring system complicated. The system uses the companys UK Rotork intelligent electric valve and its master station controller, monitoring system greatly simplifies the complexity of the design, but with its wealth of diagnostic information and fault tolerance, so that system reliability can be improved. 2 Monitoring and Control System hardware implementation 2.1 Rotork intelligent valve control equipment Rotork intelligent valve control equipment is a valve data acquisition, monitoring and control system, which consists of a master station controller and its connected to on-site electric valve components. Master station controller through a two-line current loop can be controlled in the loop on the peg up to 240 control valves at the scene, the current loop can be up to 20 km. Intelligent electric valve at the scene of a higher degree of its in-house rich in data and diagnostic information. But the most important characteristics are a number of smart valve only two lines through the Internet into a loop, and ultimately access to the main station controller, only the start and the end of two lines, all the valves via a two-line communication information into the master controller. Electric valve at the scene also has the line fault shielding, when the emergence of open-loop, short circuit or ground fault, the smart valve failure can be masked side lines, so that the main line station controller still with all the smart valve communications without the impact of failure information will be distributed simultaneously master controller. Normal operating circumstances, the communication loop current signal along a line from the main station controller outflow port A, through the back loop from the port B. At this point, another line is redundant. When there is a line failure, there has been fault line valve shielding, fault lines on both sides of the smart valve could loop through their communications with the master controller; when there are two lines failure, failure of these two between the smart valve have been shielding, two fault outside the smart valve can still through two arm-like loop with the master controller. Master station controller are from the main CPU card, loop communications card, power supply, LCD display and 16 button keypad mounted disk, composed of intelligent instruments. It has two fixed internal database, a database unit are at the scene, responsible for receiving and recording from the two-line loop from the address of the smart valve, torque, such as opening the data sent from the PC to read and write command exercise control valve, the database is logically divided into four zones, each zone valve 60 Record data; other database-oriented station controller status and self-diagnosis database for records of communications protocol and the relevant state issued an order to the smart valve. Through the master station controller buttons and LCD display, you can read the smart implementation of the opening of valves, torque, address and other data, control the opening and closing valves, receive alarm signals and communications with the PLC functions. Pakscan IIE Master Station Master Station Rotork are a controller, it prepared for the hot double structure, the main controller in the event of a failure can automatically switch to the hot spare controller. Pakscan IIE Master Sation has an RS-485 communications port and a RS-232 communications port, which can be through the Modbus communication protocol with the PLC. One of RS-232 communications port can be directly connected through the PLC printers, print alarm signal. 2.2 Monitoring and Control System Structure The system control part of the United States the use of GE Fanucs HBR dual hot-type PLC systems, PLC control through the valve 140 smart (IQ actuator) to open the close-out. Host monitoring station can monitor all the smart valve return valve position, and valve position value and the alarm signal, and the implementation of open valves, stop valves and valve clearance operation. Pakscan IIE master station controller and PLC using Modbus protocol between the communication to port 1 of the RS-485 interface connector. Normal operation, the main PLC and the host controller from the PLC controller and hot prepared separately with the main PLC and the host controller to maintain synchronization. Intelligent valve feed data to the main controller, the main PLC through RS-485 interface from the main controller to read data, and its decree, the main controller and then the implementation of orders, according to an order-driven operation of the smart valve. When the master PLC or host controller fails, the system automatically switches to separately from the PLC or controller hot prepared. Because of the system are used in Modbus communications protocol, a PLC can connect multiple Pakscan IIE master station controller, therefore, if the scene more intelligent valve, the system can be easily extended and easy to connect. 3 Software Design 3.1 Communications Programming PLC optional Modbus RTU Master communications module (master). Pakscan IIE master station controller is a remote terminal unit, as a Modbus slave (slave). PLCs CPU through the Modbus RTU Master communication module control Pakscan IIE master station controller to read and write, known as the Modbus host. Modbus host system uses a single two-line communication, which means you can connect a maximum of 32 Pakscan IIE master station controller. The main communication module programming has 3 parts: initialization communication module; reading and writing Modbus / RTU data; to monitor the communications status. Communication modules are configured to initialize the work of three main control block to initialize the parameters: Slave Control Block (SCB), information control block (MCB) and communication requirements of parameter block (COM_REQ). SCB is a register length of 15 data blocks, functions are defined with their Slave communication model, the number, status and other parameters, each Slave necessary to define a block SCB. MCB is a six register long data blocks, function definitions are required for each Slave Executive Master of the order information, including the command type, RTU reference address offset, PLC reference address offset, host No. parameters, each command required MCB define a block. COM_REQ register 17 are a long data blocks, function definitions are means of communication, ports and control words SCB and MCB monitoring the status of parameters, each port need to define a block COM_REQ. All of these initialization parameters in the PLC on the electric or cold start initialization of the first scan cycle loaded into RTU Master communications module, since RTU Master Communication Module is responsible for PakscanIIE master station controller and communications, while the PLC with the RTU Master communication module to exchange data. Reading and writing Modbus / RTU communication data and monitoring the status of the programming is relatively easy, as long as the definition of reading and writing initialization parameters corresponding PLC address. 3.2 Monitoring software design Host monitoring station can accurately monitor and control the storage and transportation process of all the information and equipment. Through programming, configuration, connectivity, vividly reflect the actual process to show dynamic data, set PID control parameters and process parameters, and can view the historical trend, alarm history, etc. Report. Rotork electric valve configuration of the scene at the oil flow line, through the button to manually start, stop and turn off any valves, and display any time the status of the valves and valve position value. Well-designed man-machine interface to enable simple, intuitive.采油车自动监控系统的设计摘要 针对目前油田采油车自动化程度低和局部操作不方便等缺点，从更好地控制采油车的整个工作过程出发，开发了一种较先进的采油车自动监控系统。该系统可实时显示起下载荷、深度、速度；使用霍尔传感器可测得滑轮转速；利用单片机可计算得到下入深度或上升距离；通过使用应变测量技术测得钢丝绳的张力，可计算出载荷大小。控制箱是该系统的核心部件，它与气控执行部分相连，可实现对刹车、离合器的控制，并能根据各使用方所要求的不同参数，更改程序相关参数，实现对采油车的灵活控制。关键词：采油车,自动监控系统,控制箱,霍尔传感器,应变Design of Automatic Monitoring System for Trailer Mounted Pumping UnitAbstractSince the existing trailer mounted pumping unit is inconvenient to operate, an automatic monitoring system is developed. The system can make a real time display of the load, depth and velocity. Hall sensor is adopted to measure the rotary speed of the pulley; singlechip computer is used to compute the depth of setting and rising distance of the pump; strain measuring technique is used to test the tensile force of the wireline, so the load computation can be accomplished. As the core component of the system, the control cabinet is connected with the pneumatic control executive part, and can carry out the control of the brake and clutch.Key words：trailer mounted pumping unit,automatic monitoring system,controlcabinet,Hall sensor,strain自动化监测与控制在机械加工、石油化工、冶金、国防科技等行业得到广泛应用，自动化程度的高低已成为企业影响其市场竞争力的重要因素。近年来，随着国内老油田开发难度的进一步加大和油田信息化建设的迫切要求，自动控制和信息化技术已越来越得到各油田的普遍重视，自动化生产控制和快速便捷的生产信息传递方式的优越性正得到充分体现，它在油田联合站生产过程中的应用必将带来可观的经济效益和社会效益。1 实施对象的基本情况目前油田采油车自动化程度低和局部操作不方便等缺点，从更好地控制采油车的整个工作过程出发，开发了一种较先进的采油车自动监控系统。该系统可实时显示起下载荷、深度、速度；使用霍尔传感器可测得滑轮转速；利用单片机可计算得到下入深度或上升距离；通过使用应变测量技术测得钢丝绳的张力，可计算出载荷大小。控制箱是该系统的核心部件，它与气控执行部分相连，可实现对刹车、离合器的控制，并能根据各使用方所要求的不同参数，更改程序相关参数，实现对采油车的灵活控制。 2 自动化监控系统构成2.1 系统组成 一是现场数据采集单元：实现现场所有数据的采集、运算、集中显示、运行保护、安全报警等功能。二是自动优化及控制单元：自动实现以控制开机台数（宏观调控）与变频调速（微观调节）相结合的机泵自动优化高效节能自动运行控制，实现外输系统、油罐区系统、提升泵系统、分离器系统、分水器系统的自动闭环控制，实现该系统的安全稳定运行。三是数据处理单元：将各现场数据采集及运行状况传输到中心控制主站，并接收中心主站的远传控制管理，主站能实时监测所有数据，并形成各种报表及安全生产记录。系统中控室预留网络接口，通过局域网实现上层管理网络数据共享。2.2 系统实现形式该系统可实时显示起下载荷、深度、速度；使用霍尔传感器可测得滑轮转速；利用单片机可计算得到下入深度或上升距离；通过使用应变测量技术测得钢丝绳的张力，可计算出载荷大小。控制箱是该系统的核心部件，它与气控执行部分相连，可实现对刹车、离合器的控制，并能根据各使用方所要求的不同参数，更改程序相关参数，实现对采油车的灵活控制。2.3 系统主要监控内容一是实现联合站各生产环节的压力、温度、流量、液位等224个生产参数在线时监测及数据上限、下限报警功能。二是原油外输量实现自动调控、分水器自动调节等13个生产子系统的自动调控，实现该领域可靠运行。三是建立联合站生产数据处理及监控平台，在线监测各生产环节的生产情况及历史数据的在线调用，建立生产数据库，利于设备运行状况分析，形成设备安全运行档案。四是建立远程数据查询监测系统，实现联合站生产工况的远程监控。3 主要功能特点（1）该系统的成功之处在于监测的生产参数比较齐全，覆盖了孤东油田四号联合站224个生产检测和控制点，各生产环节的压力、温度、流量、液位等安全生产参数都实施了在线实时监测。（2）该系统控制协调有效，突出了整个联合站大系统一体化运行的生产控制理念，将不同的生产分系统有机地联系起来，解决了原生产子系统独立运行，相互之间依靠人工调节，相互制约的矛盾，实现了联合站的整体优化运行。（3）该系统设计时将安全生产和系统节能的理念植于其中，基本达到了自动安全生产控制和能源合理利用相互协调的目标。（4）该系统成功运用了故障诊断技术，建立以“状态维修”为基础的预防维修体制，保证了联合站各种设备的安全、高效运行。 （5）通过实施生产参数自动优化控制，实现各控制环节的无人值守，实时准确测量各项参数，使全站各系统自动安全高效优化运行，提高设备利用率，提高各生产工序效果，达到节能降耗的目的。 （6）减少职工的劳动强度，及时发现问题，及时解决；提高企业的自动化管理水平。4 应用效果分析 该系统于在油田联合站投入现场应用，经过一年多时间的应用表明，该系统性能优越，质量可靠，它的应用既提高了现场设备管理水平、方便运行管理，又保证了联合站长时间和自动优化程度安全稳定运行，节能降耗效果良好，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。 直接效益方面，通过自动优化控制，可有效控制安全生产事故（如大罐冒顶）的发生，年养活损失30万元；系统得到