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初中英语语法知识点必备
引子
语法 词法
句法
词类
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:pen,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.
2、 代词(pron。):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it,he,。 ,their
3、 形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .
4、 数词(num。):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
5、 动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see .
6、 副词(adv。):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,here,very,often,slowly。
7、 冠词(art.。):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.
8、 介词(prep。):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.
9、 连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before 。
10、 感叹词(interj。。)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,wow,hi,hello
八大句子成分
主语:句子说明的人或事物
谓语:说明主语的动作、状态和特征
宾语:动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语 动宾 介宾 直宾 间宾
定语:修饰、限制或说明名词或代词的品质和特征
状语:说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
宾补:补充说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,
同位语:位于名词或代词后面,解释前者,两者语法功能相同。
表语:连系动词,其后面的成分叫作表语.
五大基本句型
1. 主+谓
2. 主+谓+宾
3. 主+系+表
4. 主+谓+宾+宾
5. 主+谓+宾+补
句子分类
按用途分类 陈述句
疑问句 一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
反义疑问句 (附加疑问句)
祈使句 命令,要求,请求,劝告
感叹句 惊奇,愤怒,赞赏,喜悦
按结构分类 简单句 只有一套主谓的句子。
并列句 并列量词把两个以上的简单句连接起来,各句之间意义同等重要,没有从属关系.
复合句 主句完整,可以独立存在;从句不完整,只是一个句子成分,不可独立存在。
一、名词
1. 名词变复数
①class → classes box → boxes watch → watches brush → brushes
②story → stories baby → babies city → cities country → countries
③wife → wives knife →knives wolf → wolves leaf→leaves scarf → scarfs / scarves
④hero → heroes tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes mango → mangoes / mangos
⑤child → children tooth → teeth foot → feet mouse → mice
⑥sheep → sheep deer → deer fish →fish (fishes种类) Chinese →Chinese Japanese → Japanese
⑦Englishman →Englishmen Frenchman → Frenchmen policeman →policemen German→Germans
⑧man doctor → men doctors woman teacher → women teachers
girl student → girl students boy friend → boy friends shoe shop → shoe shops
2. 复数名词 people police 谓语动词用复数
3. 集体名词 family, class, group, team 个体——单数;整体--复数
4. 人民币没有复数形式,外国货币有复数。100 yuan, 5 dollars(cents, pounds, pence, )
5. two teas /colas / coffees 表示“几杯”、“几份"
6。 one of + 名词复数
7。 名词所有格
① 分别拥有A’s and B’s 共同拥有 A and B’s
② 店铺或某人的家 the doctor’s (office) the baker’s (shop) my uncle’s (home)
③ 距离 an hour's drive ten minutes’ walk
④ 双重所有格 a friend of Mary’s mother’s a book of mine
⑤ 节日 Women's Day Mother’s Day Teachers’ Day April Fools’ Day
8。 数量短语
修饰可数名词 many, (a)few, several, a great number of, a good many, many a(单数名词),
修饰不可数名词 much (a)little a great deal of a great amount of
既可修饰可数又可修饰不可数 some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities of
二、冠词
1。 a/an 以辅音音标开头的单词前用a a usual day a useful book a European
以元音音标开头的单词前用an an unusual day an honest boy an hour
2. the+adj 类指 谓语动词用复数
3. 乐器前用the,球类棋牌前不用任何冠词。
4. the+姓氏复数 表示“一家人”或夫妇
5. 不用冠词的情况
①专有名词(人名,地名,国名,季节,月份,星期)
②含有普通名词的专有名词(街道,广场,公园,车站,机场,大学,含有Day节日) ③三餐④球类运动
6. 国家前不用冠词,但全称用the
7。 在一些短语中,用the 表示具体概念, 不用表示抽象概念
at the table 在桌旁 at table在吃饭 in the hospital在医院里 in hospital 住院
by the sea 在海边 by sea 乘船 in the prison 在监狱里 in prison 坐牢
in the class 在班里 in class 在上课 go to the church 去教堂 go to church 做礼拜
三、代词
1。 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词 (附表格)
2. 复合不定代词 (—one —body -thing) ①单数 ②修饰语后置
3. every one 每一个(人/物)
everyone=everybody 每个人,人人(整体)
anyone 任何人 强调个体
4。 some, any
5。 both, all
6. neither, either
7. none, no one
8. every, each
9。 Who--询问身份 What——询问职业
What -——没有选择范围 Which--—在具体范围内选择
10. It 做虚主语、形式主语、形式宾语、强调句
11. it ———指代同一个事物 Look at the bird。 It often comes to my window。
one --—泛指同名异物 I haven't got a pen。 Can you please lend me one?
that -——特指同名异物 =the one (复数用those,=the ones)
四、数词
1. 确定数量 two thousand several thousand two thousand of the students (学生中的2000人)
2. 模糊数量 hundreds of thousands of many thousands of dozens of scores of
3. 序数词 fifth twelfth eighth ninth nineteenth ninetieth
4。 分数词 基(〉1) a half (1/2) a quarter(1/4) one fifth three—fifths
序(s)
5. 几个半 two and a half hours (=two hours and a half)
6. 复合形容词 只做定语不做表语 a two-month holiday an 8—year—old girl
7。 时刻 past (30分钟内) to(超过30分钟)
8. 编号 Lesson 1 (the first Lesson), Room 302
9。 年龄 in one's fifties at the age of 20
10。 世纪年代 in the 1980s =in the 1980’s
五、介词
at 时间点;短暂时间;节日
时间 in 较长时间 (世纪,年月季,泛指早午晚)
on 特定、具体日子 (星期,具体日期,含Day节日,有限定语修饰的时间)
in 范围内
地理 on 相邻
方位 to 相隔
through 内部穿过 through the tunnel
穿过 across 表面横穿 across the street
past 从旁边经过 past me
over 上方越过 over the the Pacific Ocean
with 用工具或身体部位
in 用语言、材料等表达方式
用 by 用交通工具等方式手段
on 用通讯工具(TV, radio, telephone, Internet)
through 通过某种方式
besides 除外还有
除外 except / but 除外没有
except for ①用于句首代替except ②美中不足 ③被排除的与主体不同类
except that 后接从句
常用介词 (熟记短语,固定搭配)
at ①(时间) ②(地点)在... ③目标、方向 ④引起情绪的原因 ⑤以..。价格、速度、数量
about ①关于 ②大约=around some
against ①反对,不支持 ②对抗 play against ③撞击 ④在.。。映衬下
by ①(时间) 到..。为止 ②(地点) 在旁边;经过 ③(方法手段)用,靠,通过 ④(数量增减幅度)相差 ⑤被,由
for ①(目的) 为了 ②(原因)由于 ③(对象) 对于 ④赞成,拥护,支持 ⑤代替,代表
from ①(起点)自,从 ②(来源)从。.。来,来自..。 ③(原因)由于 ④离开,除去,免掉,逃避,阻止
in ①(时间)在..。期间 ②(地点)在.。. 在.。。里面 ③(方式)用 ④在...方面 ⑤穿戴
on ①(时间)在具体日子 ②(方位)在...上 ③在.。。旁,靠近 ④有关,关于 ⑤通过.。.方式(通讯)
to ①(方向,目的)到。.. ②(时间) 到.。。止 ③对于 ④对待别人态度
with ①(陪伴)和.。.一起 ②对待别人 ③(方式)用 ④伴随 ⑤具有,带有
六、形容词副词
1. 分词形容词: —ing(物) / —ed(人)
2. 表语形容词:ill, well, afraid, awake, asleep, alone, alive, alike, aware
3. 形容词作宾补 keep the room clean
4. 形容词排序: “县官行令宴国才”
5. 形容词变副词(派生副词): ①直接加 ②元e 去e加 ③辅y [ɪ] 变y为i加 ④—le结尾改e为y
6. 形副同形 enough, fast, early, late, high, deep, hard, wide, near, short,
7. 频度副词 never, seldom, hardly, rarely,
sometimes(=once in a while, from time to time, occasionally, at times, at whiles)
8. 程度副词
enough to The house is big enough for us to live in。
too..。to the box is too heavy to carry。
so big a city= such a big city
so many /much/ few/little
quite a quiet evening
9. open the closed window close the open window
10。 比较级和最高级的变化规则
more / most slowly quickly(开放性副词) easily(多音节) tired(分词形容词)
11. 同级比较 as +原级+ as(肯定)
not as (so) +原级+ as(否定)
难点:She has as sweet a voice as her mother。
Miss Green isn’t so/as strict a teacher as Mr White。
劣势比较:less..。than。。.
12。 the +比较级of the two “(二者中)比较。..的那一个”
13. 双重比较:比较级 and 比较级 “越来越...”
14。 变化比较:The +比较级。.., the +比较级。。. “越...越.。.”
15。 拉丁比较
16. 比较级表达最高级
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
He is taller than anyone else in his class。
He is taller than the other boys in his class.
He is taller than the others in his class。
He is taller than any of the other boys in his class.
17。 “否定词+谓语+比较级” “否定词+so …as..。"相当于最高级。如:
I’ve never seen a nicer bird than this one。
I have never heard a better voice。
I have never seen so beautiful a girl as she.
18。 倍数的表达
This room is three times as large as that one.
This room is twice larger than that one。
19。 比较级修饰语 ①a little, a bit, rather; ②a lot / a great deal, much, ③still, yet, even, (by)far, no, any
19. 注意:①比较的对象是同类的
②为避免重复,用名词所有格, 代词所有格或that/those
③形容词最高级前用the, 当有限定词修饰时不用the; 副词最高级前the可省略。
20。 最高级修饰语 序数词 much, (by) far, nearly, almost, quite
注:quite一般不修饰比较级,但I feel quite better.
七、情态动词
1. 能力can, could , be able to(用于各种时态)
2. 强制You must。.。。 (主观)
You have to.。.(客观)
3. 应该 should, ought to
4. 建议 Will/Would you please...?
5. 可能性 must(一定), can't(不可能) may(可能) , may not(可能不)
6. 许可 ——-May I /Can I / Could I put my bike here?
—-—Yes, you may。 (Yes, you can.) / —--No, you can’t。 (No, you mustn’t.)
7. 必要性 ———Must I /Need I finish the work today?
--—Yes, you must. / -—-No, you needn’t. (No, you don’t have to。 )
8. 禁止 mustn't
八、非谓语动词
动名词
①enjoy, finish, practise, dislike, keep, miss, mind, suggest,imagine, consider, avoid, allow, advise, risk, admit, deny
②look forward to, pay attention to, be used to, stick to(坚持), lead to(导致), make a contribution to, devote。.。to.。.
keep on doing,
give up doing
feel like doing
can’t help doing
be worth doing
be busy (in) doing
spend / waste.。.(in) doing
have trouble/ difficulty/ problems/ fun (in) doing
sth. need/ want/ require + doing=sth. need to be done
动词不定式
1. 宾语 afford, agree, ask, decide, expect, fail, hope, intend, manage, offer, refuse, plan, promise, pretend,
want, would like, wish
2. 宾补 advise, allow, ask, encourage, tell, order, warn, promise, want,
3。 使役动词 let / make /have sb. do (被动+to, let除外) have sth。 done
get sb. to do
4。 感官动词 see/watch/notice/hear sb。 do (不是进行中;动作的全部)
see/watch/notice/hear sb。doing (进行中;动作的部分)
5。 疑问词+不定式
6. too。。.to。.。 enough to.。. only to
7. 既可接动名词又可接不定式
forget to do remember to do stop to do try to do mean to do like to do
forget doing remember doing stop doing try doing mean doing like doing
prefer doing to doing
prefer to do rather than do 宁可.。。也不。。.
would rather do than do
九、系动词
①状态系动词 be
②感官系动词 look sound smell taste feel
③持续系动词 keep stay remain stand lie rest
④变化系动词 become 好坏情况均可 He became a teacher 5 years ago。
turn 变色 (turn green, turn pale) He turned teacher 5 years ago.
get
grow “逐渐变得…”,强调成长发展中其变化过程。
go 变坏;变色 (go wrong, go bad, go mad)
fall 由动态到静态(fall asleep, fall ill)
come 向好的变化发展(come true, come right)
run (dry, short, wild)
⑤表象系动词
look 视觉印象
seem内心的判断,有一定依据 It seems that。.。 seem (to be)
appear 给别人的表面印象,实质上也许并非如此
⑥终止系动词 prove turn out 证实, 证明是,结果是
辨异词
1。 arrive in/at, get to, reach
2. spend, cost, pay, take, worth
3。 dress, wear, put on
4. win, beat, lose
5. borrow, lend
6. steal, rob
7. receive, accept, take
8. bring, take, carry, fetch, get
9. invent, discover, find, find out
10. like, dislike, alike, likely
11. live, lively, alive, living
12. talk, tell, say, speak
13. in front of, in the front of
14. continuously, continually
15. be famous for, be famous as
16. be strict with, be strict in
17. alone, lonely
I often walk alone in the lonely mountain。 Although I’m along, I don’t feel lonely。
17。 older, elder, elderly
The elderly man is my elder brother. He is two years older than I。
18.
lie躺 lay lain lying
lie谎 lied lied lying
lay放;下蛋 laid laid laying
The woman lying on the grass lied that her hen laid two eggs every day。
19. 乘交通工具
take + a/the +交通工具
by + 交通工具
介词+a/the+交通工具
ride a bike=by bike
walk to。。..=go to。.。on foot
20.
十、时态
1。 一般现在时 ①经常性动作 ②客观真理 ③主将从现
2。 一般将来时 in + 时间段
3。 过去进行时 ①过去时间点正在进行 ②过去时间段持续进行 ③时间状语从句 点-线 线—线
4. 一般过去时
5。 现在完成时
①时间状语in the past few years, during the last few months, so far, up to now, since。。.
②have been to, have gone to, have been in, have been away
③瞬间动词不可与段时间连用→转→延续性动词
状态(be+adj. / adv. /prep。 / n。 )
buy → have
borrow → keep
die → be dead
leave → be away from
arrive → be in
begin → be on
get married → be married
catch a cold → have a cold
join → be in / be the member
十一、被动语态
1。 被动语态的各种形式: be + p.p. (归根结底是be的8大形态)
2。 双宾语的被动语态
3。 使役动词和感官动词在被动语态中加to (let 除外)
4。 短语动词的被动语态介词或副词不要漏掉
5. 主动表被动
①某些系动词
②某些不及物动词后接副词,表达事物的属性特征.
③ “发生” happen, take place, occur, break out
④ “需要” need, want, require+doing=need to be done
6. 无被动的情况
①不及物动词 appear, disappear, grow(生长) ②belong to
十二、特殊句式
(一) 反义疑问句
1. There is.。.。, isn't there?
2。 Let's 。.。., shall we?
3. Let us.。。, will you?
4。 Don’t 。。。., will you?
Please.。。, will you?
5. Everyone's having a good time, aren’t they/ isn’t he?
6。 宾语从句 反意问句随主句。
注意:主句为I’m sure / afraid.。。, I think / believe /suppose的宾语从句,反义部分随从句。注意否定前移的现象. (难点)
助记 1. I don’t think we can finish all the work before Friday, ?
2。 You like playing basketball, and he likes running, ?
3. -—-Your father hasn’t given up smoking, has he?
--— , he smokes now。
A。 Yes; no more B。 No; no more C。 Yes; any more D。 No; any more
(二) 感叹句
1. What+ n. What an interesting story! (=How interesting a story it is!)
2. How+ adj。 /adv。 / 句子 How tall the tree is! How fast he runs! How I miss you!
(三) There be ①就近原则
②There be 将来时 There will be。。。 / There is (are) going to be..。
肯否回答用第一助动词. Yes, there will。 / No, there won’t.
(四) 倒装句
完全倒装:谓语动词的数与主语一致 Here comes a bus! Here come lots of people!
部分倒装:
(五) 情况适用于别人———省略且倒装 肯定: So+三词+主语 否定:Neither/Nor +三词+主语
(六) 同意对方,“确实如此”—-—省略而不倒装 So +主语+三词
1. -—-He hasn't been to New York. --—Neither have I.
2. -—-What a day! It is quite hot today。 --- So it is。
—-—I haven’t been to the science museum for a long time。 What about you?
3。 -——Me neither。 Could you go with me this weekend?
十三、从句
(一) 宾语从句
①引导词-—-(that)/ whether / if / 特殊疑问词 (whether: 句首;介词后;不定式前;whether or not)
②语序---陈述语序
③时态--—主现从不限,主过从应变(倒移)
(二) 状语从句
时间状语 when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, until
when ①瞬间动词和延续性动词都可 ②就在这时,突然间
while ①只能接doing ②表分工 ③对比,“然而”
as ①正当.。.时候 ②随着。.。 ③一边...,一边..。
when, as soon as, 引导的时间状语从句,未发生的动作,主将从现
until ..。until。.. 主句延续性动词 (到until时间点动作终止,之前动作做了)
not.。.until..。 主句是瞬间动词 (到until 时间点动作开始,之前动作未做)
原因状语 because, since, as, for
结果状语 so, so..。that。.。
目的状语 so that, in order that,
让步状语 though, although
(三) 定语从句 ----关系代词还原到从句中的位置
1. 关系代词的判断: ①指代 ②成分
2。 只能用that的情况: 代,高,序,双,特
3。 只能用who 的情况: those, one, ones指代人 anyone, someone,
4。 介词前置的情况: 指人—-—prep.+ whom 指物--—prep.+which
5。 关系副词的判断 when where why how
(四) 名词性词句
what I saw, what I said, what I heard, what I did, what I thought
相当于名词,可以在句中作主语,宾语,表语,同位语。
十四、主谓一致
1. The teacher and the writer 不同的概念 复数
2. The teacher and writer 一身兼两职 单数
3. 整体概念 单数 fish and chips the knife and fork
4. 不定式、动名词、从句做主语 用单数
5. 表示时间、距离、金
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