第十讲、高中英语写作思路与高分指导[讲义][1].doc

高考英语写作思路与高分指导 “高中英语课程标准”对高中学生的英语写作能力提出了很高的要求，这不能不引起我们高度重视。写作能力的培养需要有一个渐进的过程.及早按照“课程标准”的要求，扎扎实实地从起始年级开始,注重训练的系统性和科学性，才是提高英语写作能力的唯一途径。自从85年到现在，英语写作一直是高考必考的一个固定题型.它是高考试题中对学生相对较难的部分，考查考生综合运用语言能力.一、高考英语写作命题思路1。 “课程标准”关于写作技能的评价标准：“课程标准”对学生写作能力的评价内容和等级划分做了非常详细的规定，这些规定恰好可以作为写作教学所追求的目标。 等级评价内容优秀内容有思想,有观点，有情感，有意义,有趣。逻辑性表达清楚，逻辑性强。拼写与标点完全正确.语法运用反映当前学习水平，有个别错误。创造性有创造性，表现力强，真实，整洁。这个写作能力的评价含括了极其丰富的内容,其中包括单词拼写与标点符号的使用、语法运用的恰当程度、写作的内容、写作态度、表达的逻辑性和创造性。2“课程标准”关于英语写作体裁问题：根据“课程标准”6-9级的有关要求，高中阶段英语写作体裁可以大致分为四类: 应用文体：包括日常生活中经常使用的书信、便条、电子邮件、贺卡、通知、报告、表格填写、申请、个人简历等. 记叙文体:包括叙述事情，描写景物、人物. 论说文体：包括阐述自己的观点,评价周围的事物、所发生的事件以及他人的观点和意见。 其他要求:包括改编短剧、写摘要以及翻译。3. 上海高考0408年写作题目回顾：(04）老师要求你负责班级墙报（wall newspaper)工作并征求你的意见。在日记中表述你的决定并谈谈想法.(05)古人云： “天生我材必有用 （There must be a use for my talent。) 通过描述你生活中的一件事,说明人各有所长。无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。(06)下表提供了你所心仪的南、北两所大学的招生信息。通过比较作出选择,并结合个人情况说明理由。南方大学北方大学学费8000元/年5000元/年招生人数20人10人优惠政策无加20分(07）以“礼物”为主题写一篇作文。该文章必须包括以下内容：1你送礼物的对象及所送的礼物；2该礼物对他（她）可能产生的影响或带来的变化。（08)你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛(group dancing competition），班长希望大家积极参加。对此谈谈你的看法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：你是否会参加比赛 你做出该决定的具体理由分析与说明：试题要求考生根据所给的情景和要求写一篇书面材料。但它并非按照“提示”逐句翻译,而是要求考生在充分领会“提示”的前提下，用自己的语言组织成一篇内容充实、语言正确、句子连贯、用词贴切的作文。据统计，近几年上海和全国英语高考卷中的写作，主要是关于记人、叙事、写信和通知或看图作文等内容的记叙文、议论文和应用文.（1)记叙文：一般说来记叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素。记人时，要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等。叙事时要描写事情发生与发展的过程,叙述事情发生的前因后果等。(2）议论文：一般说来议论文由论点、论据、论证三部分构成。要做到：1、论点正确无误。2、论据可靠充分。3、论证合理严密。论证方法有归纳法、推理法、对比法。议论文一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。(3)应用文:主要以写信为主。英文书信由6个部分组成.它们是信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签字.格式一定要正确.信的正文和写文章一样,要分段写，每一段有一个中心思想。4高考英语写作命题现状与发展趋势：l 由单一的文字表述发展到看图作文,再到以列表的形式给出写作内容.l 叙述与议论相结合,是近几年高考试题的特点之一。l 近几年高考可能涉及的文体仍是说明文、记叙文、议论文、书信和日记。二、上海卷的评分标准与实例分析1上海卷评分标准与解读：档次内容语言组织结构A9-1091045B7-8783C56562D3-4341E02020l 本题总分为25分，其中内容10分，语言10分，组织结构5分。l 评分时注意的主要方面：内容要点，应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。l 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定所属档次,然后对照相应的组织结构档次给予加分。其中，内容和语言两部分相加，得15分或以上者，可考虑加4-5分，15分以下者只能考虑加0,1，2，3分。l 词数少于70,总分最多不超过10分。（1）内容部分A。内容充实,主题突出，详略得当。B.内容较充实，能表达出作文要求。C.内容基本充实,尚能表达出作文要求。D.漏掉或未能写清楚主要内容，有些内容与主题无关。E.明显漏掉主要内容，严重离题。（2)语言部分A.具有很好的语言表达能力，语法结构正确或有些小错误，主要因为使用了较复杂结构或词汇所致。B.具有较强的语言表达能力，语法结构和词汇的应用基本正确，错误主要是因为尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。C.有一些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。D。语法结构与词汇错误较多，影响了对内容的理解。E.语法结构与词汇的错误很多，影响了对内容的理解.（3）组织结构部分A。自然地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样，词汇丰富.B.能使用语句间连接成分，全文流畅结构紧凑。句子结构多样,词汇较丰富。C。能使用简单的语句间连接成分，全文内容连贯。句子结构有一定的变化，词汇使用得当。D。尚能使用语句间连接成分，语言连贯性较差。句子结构单调，词汇较贫乏。E。缺乏语句间的连接成分，语言不连贯，词不达意。2。 近几年高考英语高分作文评析:(04）I was so glad that the teacher asked me to make some plans for the wall newspaper today. And the suggestions for it are as follows。First of all， there should be some information on the world issues。 Although we high school students are busy with our study， we should keep an eye on what is going on around the world， which will broaden our horizons。In addition， I suggest there be a section on our school life。 For example， the news on the school sports meeting and the good methods of study in our class。Finally， each group should prepare the wall newspaper in turns so that each student can have an opportunity to display his or her talent.In a word， I hope the wall newspaper will be popular with the students in our school。评析：本文考生在表明自己态度（愿意接受老师布置的负责班级墙报任务)后，给出了具体三条意见，最后希望大家喜欢自己设计的墙报。文章语言准确流畅，体现出考生已经具备了较强的英语表达能力，能够较好地使用单词、词组和句型。此外,文章结构完整。虽然客观地说，本文在内容和语言方面并非十全十美，但是考虑到考生是高三学生，又是在考试这一特定场合中完成的,所以本文被判为优秀,得分为:内容9分，语言9分，组织结构5分，总分为23分。（05)Do you ever worry about your future， wondering if your education will lead to a successful career? (1) Just like many other students， especially those who are not particularly good at their studies， I used to be filled with such self doubt。 That was until I came across the old Chinese saying; there must be a use for my talent.(2)（3)I started to analyze the lives of the rich and famous, and was surprised to find that an academic education was not a common factor。 But talent was。 Bill Gates， the co-founder of Microsoft （4) and Li Jiacheng， one of the worlds most successful businessmen, （5） do not hold university degrees. For me, my talent is photography. While I will continue to study hard, I now know that being successful in life is not completely dependent on getting excellent grades. As such， I no longer worry about where life will take me。 But I do know that wherever it does, Ill be there with a camera in my hand-because there is a use for my talent. (6)评析：1）记着用趣闻或疑问句开头来吸引读者。如果你只是简单的重复题目要求的内容你的文章和其他考生的文章相比就不会有什么特别之处。要想让自己的文章更出色，就要这么做！2）注意句子的长短变化。3)没有直接引入题目要求，却让你的文章很有必要个性。4)记住充分使用同位语及定语从句等其他复杂的句子结构。5）使用标点符号时要多动脑筋，如:这句话中的两个逗号充当了概括的作用，将附加信息分割开来。6）结尾很好，呼应了题目要求，也使文章很完整.读者看到整篇作文完满的结束了。（06）Everybody has big dreams and regards universities as the ideal place for making those dreams come true。 Choosing an ideal university can be one of the most important choices we make in life.Between the two universities， North and South, I think that the Southern University is more suitable to me. Although the cost in the Southern University is much higher, the number of students to be admitted from my area is also higher。If I choose to go to the Southern University, I will be able to experience beautiful scenery that I have never experienced before, eat food that I have never eaten before, and learn about cultures that I have not learned about before.With all this in mind, I think it is to my benefit to choose the university in the South。 My chances of success will be much greater， and I think it will help me to succeed in reaching my goals and seeing my dreams come true.（07）My grandma is a really wonderful woman。 She has been working very hard all through her life for our family. And I owe her a lot. She is now becoming older and older， but still leads a poor life。 I feel sorry for her, so I want to send her some presents, hoping that they can comfort her lonely heart。Ill first send her a pair of special glasses。 Her eyes have already become a barrier to her and my glasses will help her see the world clearly. She must feel very delighted to have my glasses。Ill then send her a suit of clothes。 She has been dressing her old dress， which was bought about 40 years ago。 My clothes will make her look more beautiful。Ill last send her some medicines which will cure her ache. Hard work has made her body ache terribly。 I really feel sorry. My medicines will cure her and give her a healthy body。(08)Im very glad that a class team will be organized to take part in the group dancing competition by our school and the monitor expects all to be active。 Ive decided to join the team and win the top honor with my classmates。 First, in the past two years the group dancing has been introduced all over the campus with the adoption of a practical policy issued by the national educational authority。 As well as other social activities such as charity contribution, touring around the orphanages and nurseries and serving the public in the neighborhood， the group dancing has become more and more popular among us. Second， the group dancing， regarded as one of the most popular group activities, it helps us to learn to be more cooperative， more confident and more optimistic. It also serves to develop a full personality， both physically and mentally. With the reasons listed above， Im looking forward to the day when our class team will win the first prize in the competition with our great efforts。 3英语写作常见错误与分析:(1) 不一致例: When one have money， he can do what he want to。剖析：one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money， he can do what he wants （to do)（2) 修饰语错位例： I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。剖析：better位置不当,应置于句末（3） 句子不完整例: There are many ways to know the society。 For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV, radio， newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society， for example， by TV， radio， and newspaper.（4） 悬垂修饰语例：At the age of ten， my grandfather died.改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.例: To do well in college, hard work is essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs hard work. (5） 词性误用（Misuse of Parts of Speech)例： None can negative the importance of money。剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money。（6） 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns）例： Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。例： We can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致.改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves。(7） 不间断句子例： There are many ways we get to know the outside world。剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways。” 以及“We get to know the outside world。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了.改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world。 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.(8） 措词毛病例： The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍，“障碍物”误作substance“物质了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”.改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution。(9) 累赘如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him。例: For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。剖析：整个句子可以大大简化.改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.（10） 不连贯例： The fresh water， it is the most important things of the earth。剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.4。 影响文章整体质量的因素：(1）单词拼写错误。（2）词语搭配不当或用词不准确。考生对常用短语、表达法掌握不够,出现不当搭配.比如： look book （read the book）， look the film (see the film)， Many people cost much money (spend much money）, prefer to seeing the film （prefer to see the film)， spend us a short time (takes us a short time）， after read the book （after reading the book）, write skill （writing skill） 。(3）画蛇添足。有些考生在全文结束时画蛇添足，加上一句错误的问句，让人大倒胃口.比如: Are you agree? So what do you choice?（4）书写潦草。在阅卷中发现,有相当一部分考生的作文卷面不清，书写潦草，影响信息的传递。评分原则中有一条表明：若书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。（5)语言平乏，词汇档次欠高。不少考生大脑记忆库词汇量储存不够,难以灵活运用语言，导致语言平乏,同一种表达重复较多。(6)汉语式英语。在书面表达中所体现的中文式思维是极为普遍的现象。如:Seeing the film will save much time。(7)文章缺乏连贯性。有些考生在词汇的运用和内容的表达上都基本达到要求，但由于句与句,段与段之间没有添加恰当的连接成分，使句子之间和段落之间缺乏必要的过渡和衔接，影响了表达的效果.（8）死背范文。部分考生死背范文或是套用结构，表达不灵活。三、英语写作步骤与技巧：我们知道，在建造一座高楼之前，需要由工程师设计出图纸,并按要求备好材料，而后才能动工。写作也一样，动笔之前学生应首先确定主题，拟好提纲,并尽可能多地收集素材。换句话说，就是要做到胸中有数,然后才能动笔写作.写作的四个步骤:l 构思阶段l 语言加工、整合阶段l 段落的组织l 检查与修改1构思阶段在动笔之前，首先要确定好主题,比如“我最喜欢的音乐”，“最有趣的一次郊游”等等.定写作题目时要注意题目不要过大，应该具体一些。比如老师让你对图书馆发表意见，与之相关的想法可能是： The Library Plays a Very Important Part in a Students Life The Efficiency of the Library Needs Improving The Library Is a Nice Place to Study in How to Make Use of the Library确立好主题之后，学生就要考虑与题目有关的各个方面。准备材料，收集信息，为开始写作积累素材。这时，不必在意句子的先后关系,也不必在意观点的完整，单词拼写,词语及语法等.例如：对主题My Superstitions这个题目时，我们可能在平时生活中遇到很多类似的这方面的事情。因此我们会联想到： Friday 13th breaking a mirror always wear pearl necklaces for tests sit on the left side of the plane sit in the center of the room for test wear lucky T-shirts for games dont walk under ladders use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoes never start a trip on Friday再如:当我们看到The Way to Achieve Success这个题目时，我们就会想到，一个人要成功，必须具有谦虚的美德、勤奋的精神,饱满的热情和具有创造力的作风等等。所以，我们可能想到这样一些词汇： Honesty industry/ diligence enthusiasm creation cooperation modesty我们又可以联想到谦虚是成功之路中最重要的策略,勤奋会使人工作好，热情是最大的动力等等.于是就会想到： the best policy work well a great force2.语言加工、整合阶段经过酝酿和构思，要写的东西基本上有了头绪，下一步就要进行语言的加工和整合,从所列出的词汇和事例中选出最能表达主题的重点事例来写。这时你需要从新审查那些杂乱无章的细节,精心策划，由此及彼。删去与主题无关的或并不重要的细节，并把所需要的细节按逻辑顺序重新排列.例如:对主题Give opinions or points of view on the library： The library plays a very important part in a students life. Students can borrow books, magazines， periodicals and even newspapers there. But the efficiency of the library needs improving because sometimes it takes students much time to borrow a certain book. Anyhow， the library is a nice place to study in. Every student should learn how to make use of the library.再如：对主题My Superstitions，我们可以把构思阶段的这些语言材料按分类组织起来。（1）。 Superstitions about schoola。 Always wear pearl necklaces for testsb。 Sit in the center of the room for testsc. Switch watches to right wrist for tests(2）。 Superstitions about travela. Sit on the left side of the planeb. Never start a trip on Fridayc. Wear green when I fly（3）。 Superstitions about gamea。 Wear lucky Tshirts for gamesb。 Use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoesc。 Eat scrambled eggs (炒鸡蛋）for breakfast on the day of a game再如：对主题The Way to Achieve Success,我们可以这样组织语言：Honesty， industry, enthusiasm and creation are keys to achieve success. Honesty is the best policy. Industry gives every man and woman， every boy and girl， proper work to do。 To do nothing is bringing ruin to oneself. Enthusiasm is a great force. Ones soul will expand if one devotes oneself to a noble cause。 It is only in this way that we can achieve success.3。段落的组织（1）. 主题句主题句是文章的中心思想。主题句的内容应该是整段内容的概括，或者是限定整段内容的范围.它关系到读者是否对这篇文章感兴趣，是否能继续读下去. 好的主题句应该是：a。 要有能说明段落中心思想的内容主题句既不要太笼统，也不要太具体。如果太笼统，段落就显得松散，庞大，很难将主题句说明清楚.例如：Learning how to write in a foreign language can be a frustrating experience for many students.分析：上面句子缺少继续叙述的指导性，同时，也没有文章展开的线索供读者去把握。如果主题句太具体，就难以自我解释或自我调控，很难展开使之成为一个整体段落。例如：Russian is a difficult language to learn.分析:过于局限于某个事物,因此无法深入展开,因为缺乏概括性的特点。b. 要有能体现中心思想的关键词主题句中应含有能体现主题意义或范围的关键词。主题句的关键词是段落的主要信息.例如： The clothes we wear often reflect a lot about our personality。分析：关键词：the clothes we wear, personality例如：Life without music would not be exciting.关键词：music， life, exciting（2） 阐述句在主题句的基础上，把它展开形成一个段落。围绕着主题句起着描述、说明段落中心思想作用的句子叫做阐述句。例如：（1）The effects of global warming on the environment could be disastrous. (2） For one thing, deserts will become hotter and drier and drier and continue to expand. （3） Rising seas， caused in part by the melting of half the worlds mountain glaciers， will flood lowlying islands and coasts， threatening millions of people. (4) Global warming will change the climate regionally and globally, altering natural vegetation and affecting crop production. (5） Finally, higher temperature could also cause more extreme storms， allowing tropical diseases to invade temperate areas。文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络句（1）为主题句,句（2）、（3)、（4）、（5）为阐述句。阐述句提供具体事例说明段落中心思想。使整个段落保持意义上的统一。再如:(1）My apartment is in a terrible location。 (2) First of all， it is too far away from the important stores and services。 It is several m