六级作文攻略个人汇总.doc

六级作文攻略
英语写作方法六大原则：
1. advanced words (高级词汇原则)
2. adverbial advanceed (状语提前原则)
3. phrases preferred (短语优先原则)
pound sentence, composite sentence and sentence of special kind (并列句、复合句和特殊句式原则)
5. long and short sentences alternately (长短句交替原则)
6. passages in paragraphs(短文分段分层原则)
高分作文的五大特性
1. sense of order (条理性: 段落完整，层次分明）
2. accuracy (准确性: 语法准确，用词精当）
3. fluency (流畅性: 层次清晰，行文连贯）
4. conciseness & variety (简洁、多样性: 语言简洁，不重复）
5. ideological content (思想性: 文章立意高，表达个人观点内容积极向上）
过渡词的使用
过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”，在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章结构紧凑，启、承、转、合，过渡自然，融会贯通，连成一体。
1、根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十六类：
（1）表并列关系的过渡词：
and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor等。
（2）表递进关系的过渡词：
besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse等。
（3）表转折对比的过渡词：
but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others等。
（4）表原因的过渡词：
because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）, for this reason, owing to, as far as, considering that, seeing that等。
（5）表结果的过渡词：
so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that?, accordingly等。??
（6）表条件的过渡词：
if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。
（7）表时间的过渡词：
when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,? eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。
（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：
first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）等。
（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。
（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词：
for instance, for example, take … as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。
（11）表陈述事实的过渡词：
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。
（12）表强调的过渡词：
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。
（13）表比较、对比的过渡词：
like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand…, on the other hand, otherwise 等。
（14）表目的的过渡词：
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。
（15）表总结的过渡词：
in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole等。
（16）表增补的过渡词：
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally 等。
2、文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。
（1） “启”。
用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
过渡词： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,
过渡句：It is often said that…,
As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…,
It is clear/obvious that…,
Many people often ask …
（2） “承”。
表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：
过渡词： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what
is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，
过渡句：It is true that…,
Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…,
No one can deny that…
The reason why …is that …,
There is no doubt that…,
To take…for an example (instance) …,
We know that…,
What is more serious is that…
（3）“转”。
用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：
过渡词：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, inspite of ..., yet, instead,
过渡句：I do not believe that…,
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,
Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
That’s why i feel that…
（4） “合”。
用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：
过渡词： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up
过渡句：From this point of view …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Thus, this is the reason why we must…

长短句结合
（1）句子既要生动，又要简明扼要。
（2）在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、复杂句和复合句并用，还可以使用简化句等，一些较复杂的结构如独立结构，分词结构等也可以使用。
（3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力，以增加文章“亮点”。强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
文章主题句(1)
1.不用说?…
It goes without saying that子句
= (It is) needless to say (that)子句
= It is obvious that子句
= Obviously, S. + V.
例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2.…是不可能的; 无法…
There is no Ving
= There is no way of Ving.
= There is no possibility of Ving.
= It is impossible to V.
= It is out of the question to V.
= No one can V.
= We cannot V.
例︰不可否认的,成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

3.我深信…
I am greatly convinced (that)子句
= I am greatly assured (that)子句
例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.

4.在各种…之中…
Among various kinds of …, …
= Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

5.…是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved (that)子句
例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.

6.…无论如何强调都不为过
… cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。
The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.

7.就我的看法…;我认为…
In my opinion, …
= To my mind, ….
= As far as I am concerned, …
= I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

8. (A) 每个人都知道…
Everyone knows (that)子句
(B) 就我所知…
As far as my knowledge is concerned, …
例︰就我所知,下列方法对我帮助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.

9.毫无疑问地…
There is no doubt (that)子句
例︰毫无疑问地近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.

10. 根据我个人经验…
According to my personal experience, …
= Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根据我个人经验微笑已带给我许多好处。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.

11. 在我认识的人当中也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我认识的人当中也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。
Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.

12. 在我的求学过程中我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget …
例︰在我的求学过程中我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。
In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English

13. (A) 在这信息的年代…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.

(B) 在今日工业社会中…是生命不可或缺的。
In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.
例︰在这信息的年代计算机扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.

14. 在讨论…一个人不得不承认…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句
例︰在讨论未来的职业，一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.

15. 世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as …
例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.

16. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V
… 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V
… 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V
… 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V
例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。
It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

17. 每当我听到…我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.
每当我做…我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.
每当我想到…我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.
每当我遭遇…我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.
每当我看到…我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.
例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。
Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.
= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

18. 据说… It is said (that)子句
一般认为… It is thought (that)子句
大家都知道… It is known (that)子句
据报导… It is reported (that)子句
一般预料… It is expected (that)子句

一般估计… It is estimated (that)子句
一般相信… It is believed (that)子句
例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。
It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.

19. …的主要理由是…
The main reason why ….. is (that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.

20. 俗语说得好：「…」。
Well goes an old saying, "…"
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…"
= An old saying goes, "…"
= It's an old saying (that)子句
例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。
As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy."

21. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways.
(B) …有三个主要理由。 … for three major reasons.
(C) 要…至少我们可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do. 例︰
(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.
(B) 人们学外语有三个理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.
(C) 为了维护健康我们每天至少可做三件事。
To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.

II. 用于文章承转句
22. 那就是(说)…;亦即…
That is to say, … = Namely, …
例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说早睡早起戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.

23. (A) 基于这个理由… For this reason, …
(B) 为了这个目的… For this purpose, …
例︰基于这个理由我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.

24. 我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe (that)子句
例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.

25. 事实上…
As a matter of fact,= In fact, …
例︰事实上健康才是最重要。
As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.

26 此外我们不应忽视…
Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.

27. 相反地…
on the contrary, …
= by contrast, …
例︰相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.

28.然而很可惜的是…
However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.

29. 换言之
in other words, … = to put it differently
例︰换言之我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.

30. 别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句
例︰别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.

31. 从此之后，我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句
例︰从此之后，我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.

32. 这样说来，假如...当然毫无疑问地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句
例︰这样说来，假如我们能善用时间，当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.
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