非谓语动词2018高考复习专项讲解练习.doc

第五章 非谓语动词
【非谓语动词作状语】
一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则
不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语.
二.不定式作状语
1.不定式作目的状语
不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成"in order to do"或"so as to do"结构."in order to do"结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;"so as to do"结构只能放在句中.
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.
Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.
2.不定式作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;...enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等.
I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.
Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
备注:在only too..to结构中,too...to...并非是"太....而不能..."之意.此时,与too..to..搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等.
I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.
3.不定式作原因状语
形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等.
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
4.在"主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do"结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等.
This question is easy to answer.
This book is difficult to understand.

三.分词作状语
1.分词作状语时其形式的选择

形式
意义
v-ing(doing)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
having+v-ed(having done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生
v-ed(done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成
being+v-ed(being done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生
having been+v-ed(having been done)
与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生

2.分词作状语的句法功能
分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与 while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用.
When offered help,one often says"Thank you"or "It's kind of you".(时间)
Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(原因)
Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件)
He glanced at her,nothing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)
Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)
The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随)
四.独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有:generally speaking一般来说;frankly speaking坦白地说;judging from/by...根据....来判断;considering.../taking....into consideration考虑到.....;to tell you the truth说实话;compared to/with与....相比.
Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.
Considering your health,you'd better have a rest.
To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.
五.独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在 句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构.
独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系.
③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开.
独立主格结构的构成:①名词/代词+分词 ②名词/代词+不定式 ③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式
The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.
The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.
Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.
I stood before her with my heart beating fast.
【练一练】
①Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didn't fit.
②Clearly and thoughtfully (write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
③Group activities will be organized after class (help)children develop team spirit.
④ (spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
⑤The lecture (give),a lively question-and-answer session followed.
【非谓语动词作定语】
一.不定式作定语
1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词.
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
He had no place to live.
2.用不定式作定语的几种情况:
①不定式表将来
The car to be bought is for his sister.

②用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系.
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

③有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,warning,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等.

I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.
He said he had no plans to go there.
He made an attempt to stand up.
二.分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词.当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用v-ing;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词.
The houses being built are for the teachers.(被动,正在进行)
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing和过去分词.v-ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成.
boiling water沸腾的水(表示正在进行)

boiled water白开水(表完成)

falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)

fallen leaves已经落下的叶子(表完成)

developing countries发展中国家(表正在进行)

developed countries发达国家(表完成)

三.to be done,done和being done作定语的区别
to be done表被动,将来;done表被动,完成;being done表被动,正在进行.
Have you read the novel written by Dickens? (表被动,完成)
Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.(表被动,正在进行)
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.(表被动,将来)
【练一练】
①There are still many problems (solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
②Prices of daily goods (buy)through a computer can be lower than store prices.
③The flowers (smell)sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

【非谓语动词作宾语,补语,主语,表语】
一.非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作宾语

1.下列动词一般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装.
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮.
decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;
offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语.

2.下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想.
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏.
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡.
consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;
admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;
deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can't help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape.

He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
此外,be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,can't stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语.
3.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意.
to do sth.忘记要做某事
forget
doing sth.忘记已经做过某事

to do sth.记着要做某事
remember
doing sth.记得曾经做过某事

to do sth.努力做某事
regret

doing sth.后悔做过某事

to do sth.努力做某事

try

doing sth.试着做某事

to do sth.打算做某事

mean

doing sth.意味着做某事

4.在动词allow,advise,forbid,permit,consider后直接跟动名词作宾语;如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用动词不定式作宾语补足语
sb.to do sth.

allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider

doing sth.

Smoking is forbidden here so we don't allow you to smoke.
We don't allow smoking in the wall.

5.动词need,require,want作"需要",deserve作"应受,应得"解时,其后用动名词的主动形式(doing)或不 定式的被动形式(to be done)表被动意义.be worth后用动名词的主动形式(doing)表示被动意义, 而 worthy则需用被动形式.此外,need,require,want后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语 补足语,表示"需要/要求/想要某人做某事".
to be done
(需要)
need/require/want doing

sb.to do sth.(需要/要求/想要)

名词

deserve doing

to be done

名词
be worth doing

to be done

be worthy
名词(表钱数或表价格的名词除外)
of
being done

to be cleaned
The window needs/requires/wants

cleaning

worth visiting
to be visited

This place is worthy
a visit
of
being visited

considering

These proposals deserve

to be considered

6.不定式作动词(词组)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的宾语时,前面常带引导词how,what,whether,where,when,who等,但why后加不带to的不定式.
备注:此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句.

He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work)
I don't know what to do.(=I don't know what I should do.)
We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether we'll stay or go)
Can you tell me why do it?
①The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize).
②One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct)them.
③In some parts of London,missing a bus means (wait)for another hour.
二.非谓语动词作补语
1.后接不定式作补语的动词及动词词组
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on等.
You are not allowed to smoke here.
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
注意:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,appoint,judge等后常用"to be..."作宾补/主补
People considered him to be a great leader.
They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.
Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.
He imagines himself to be an able man.

2.非谓语动词作感官动词(词组),使役动词的宾补listen to,feel的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例:

doing sth.看见....正做....
(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
do sth.看见...做了....

see+宾语+ being done看见....正在做

(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
done看见....被做

I heard her sing an English song just now.(主动,完成)
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动,正在进行)
I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动,正在进行)
I'd like to see the plan carried out.(被动,没有一定的时间性)
2.使役动词make,let,have,get后接复合宾语的情况.
do让...做....（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系）

①make+宾语+

done让...被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)

He made his workers work 12 hours a day.
He tried to make himself understood.

do让.....做.....(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)

②let+宾语+

be done让....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)
Don't let your child play with matches.
Let the work be done immediately.

do sth.让...做某事
doing sth.使....持续做某事 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)
③have+宾语+
done使....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)

备注: ⑴.have sth. done还表示"使....遭受..."之意
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

⑵have sb. doing常用于否定句中,其中have有"允许,容忍"之意.
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.

⑶have还可用于have sth. to do结构,该结构中have作"有"讲,不定式作定语.
I have something urgent to inform you.

to do sth.使....做
doing sth.使...做 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)

⑷.get+宾语+

done使....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)

He got me to post the letter for him.
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.
I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.

3.下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但在被动语态中要加上to;它们是"吾看三室两厅一感觉"-5看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2听(listen to,hear);1感觉(feel)
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
(三)动词leave,keep,find,catch及介词with后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况:

sb./sth. doing sth.让某人/物一直处于某种状态(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系,表示动作正在进行)

sth. undone留下某事未做(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多)
1.leave

sb. To do sth.让某人去做某事
（不定式表示将来的动作）
sth. To be done.留下某事要做

It's wrong to leave the machine running.(主动,正在进行)
The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn't taste delicious.(被动,完成)
He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.(主动,将来)
We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.(被动,将来)

sb./sth. doing使某人/物一直做某事

2.keep

sb./sth. done使某人/物被......(表示被动且完成,或表示状态)

Keep the engine running.
You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.

sb. doing发现某人正在做某事

3.find sb/sth. done发现某人/物.....(表完成或状态)

sb./sth.(to be)...发现某人/物....

We found him(to be)dishonest.
Often I found her quietly weeping alone.
I found him buried in a novel.

4.catch sb. doing sth.撞见某人正在做某事
I caught John reading my private letters.

sb./sth. doing(表主动且进行,或表特征)

sth. being done(表被动且进行)

5.with sth. done(表被动且完成,或表状态)

sth. to do(表示将来)

John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.
With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.

(四)常用不定式作主语补足语的句型
Sb. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他.
He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)
Heat is considered to be a form of energy.
You're supposed to pay the bill by Friday.
④The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry)out the next year.
⑤The missing boy was last seen (play)near the East Lake.
【非谓语动词作主语,表语】
(一)非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作主语
1.不定式,动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的,概念性的动作,可以是多次的,经常性的行为;不定式作主语多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.

Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)

To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一次具体的动作)

2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语.

no use/good
not any use/good
It is/was+ +doing sth.
of little use/good worth

It is worth making an appointment before you go.

3."Wh-+不定式"可作主语
When to leave hasn't been decided yet.
Whether to drive or take the train is still a question.
(二)非谓语动词(不定式,动名词,分词)作表语
1.不定式,动名词都可作表语,但动名词作表语多指抽象的,概念性的动作,可以是多次的,经常性的行为;不定式作表语多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.
His favorite sport is swimming.(泛指游泳)
Your task today is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的动作)

2.现在分词,过去分词都可作表语,但现在分词用来说明主语的特征,意为:令人.....的;过去分词用来说明主语的状态,意为:感到....的.
The film is exciting.
He is excited at the news.
3.非谓语动词作remain的表语
⑴remain作"仍需去做(或说,处理)"讲,后面加"to be done"作表语
One probl