英语国家概况解释与翻译.pdf

a英语国家概况精讲：第一章 英国的国土与人民C hapter 1：Land and P eople 英国的国土与人民I.D ifferent Names for B ritain and its P arts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names:the B ritish Isles,Great B ritain and E ngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great B ritain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.The B ritish Isles are made up of two large islands-Great B ritain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛一大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great B ritain:E ngland,S cotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1)E ngland is in the southern part of Great B ritain.It is the largest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。(2)S cotland is in the north of Great B ritain.It has three natural zones(the Highlands in the north;the C entral lowlands;the south Uplands)C apital:E dinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱 丁堡。(3)Wales is in the west of Great B ritain.C apital:C ardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.C apital:B elfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。5.The C ommonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of B ritain.It was founded in 1931,and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至 1990年止已有50个成员国。II.Geographical Features 英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of B ritain:英国的地理位置：B ritain is an island country surrounded by the sea.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of E urope.It is separated from the rest of E urope by the E nglish C hannel in the south and the North S ea in the east.英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和 东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。2.The north and west of B ritain are mainly highlands;and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。III.Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊B en Nevis is the highest mountain in B ritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。S evern River is the longest river in B ritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in B ritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in B ritain which is located in Northern Ireland.(396 square kilometres).讷湖(内伊湖)是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。River C lyde is the most important river in S cotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。S nowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.(1,085m)斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。IV.C limate 气候1.B ritains favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：B ritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The temperature varies within a small range.英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温 变化幅度小。2.The factors influence the climate in B ritain:影响英国气候的因素：1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温 差的作用；2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；3)The North Atlantic D rift passes the western coast of the B ritish Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。3.Rainfall 降雨量：B ritain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in B ritain is over 1,000mm.There is a water surplus in the north and west,and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。V.The P eople 人口1.population distribution 人口分布：B ritain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed.90%of the population is urban and only 10%is rural.The population of B ritain is made up mainly of the E nglish(81.5%),the S cottish(9.6%),the Welsh(1.9%),the Irish(2.4%),the Northern Irish(1.8%)and other peoples(2.8%).英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%）,苏格兰人（9.6%）,威尔士人（1.9%）,爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民 族居民。2.The difference between the ancestors of the E nglish and S cots,Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先：The ancestors of the E nglish are Anglo-S axons,the S cots,Welsh and Irish are C elts.英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁一萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。3.The difference in character 个性差另U：The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.They are music lovers and are proud of their past.威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。The S cots are said to be a serious,cautious and thrifty people,and they are also hospitable,generous and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。The Irish are charm and vivacity.爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。4.The difference in speech between southern E ngland and northern E ngland:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：S outherners speak the type of E nglish close to B B C E nglish;In northern E ngland,regional speech is usually broader than that of southern E ngland.南方人讲的英语接近B B C,北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way:威尔士人以这样的方式使他 们的语言及文化保持活力。Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called E isteddfodau.The great event of the year is the National E isteddfod.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art.一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌 音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。6.The main problem in Northern Ireland:北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：The fight between the P rotestants who are the dominant group,and the Roman C atholics,who are seeking more social,political and economic opportunities.作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。7.Immigrants:移民：About three million have come to B ritain to live and find work since World War II.自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。英语国家概况精讲：第二章 英国的起源C hapter 2：The Origins of a Nation（5000B C-1066）英国的起源（公元前 5000 年1066 年）I.E arly S ettlers（5000B C-55B C）早期的居民（公元前5000年一公元前55年）1.The first known settlers of B ritain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。2.At about 2000 B C the B eaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。3.The C elts began to arrive B ritain about 700 B C.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。4.The C elts came to B ritain in three main waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 B C.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。The second wave were the B rythons-came about 400 B C.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。The third wave were the B elgae-came about 150 B C.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。II.Roman B ritain（55B C-410AD）罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年一410年）1.B ritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.In 55B C and 54B C,Julius C aesar,a Roman general,invaded B ritain twice.In AD 43,the E mperor C laudius invaded B ritain successfully.For nearly 400 years,B ritain was under the Roman occupation,though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯?凯撒两次入 侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于 罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。2.Roman s influence on B ritain.The Roman built many towns,road,baths,temples and buildings.They make good use of B ritain s natural resources.They also brought the new religion,C hristianity,to B ritain.罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自 然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on B ritain.罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。First,the Romans always treated the B ritons as a subject people of slave class.S econd,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and B ritons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary B ritons.首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人 通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。前些天，网友S amy给了我一个很好的建议。就是在每个部分的讲解前，先简要介绍一下本次 讲解的内容。我也觉得有了这样的简要介绍，就可以使你们一目了然，然后再看后面的具体 内容，就比较容易理解。但是由于这个简要是我自己归纳而成，有些地方可能还存在一些缺 陷，还望广大朋友能够谅解。S ummary:This is the second part of C hapter 2（The Origins of a Nation）.It introduced some important events and important people in E ngland from 446 to 1066.These most important events are The Anglos-S axons invasion;The Viking and D anish Invasions and The Norman C onquest.（简要：这是第二章“国家的起源”的第二部分。在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元 446年到1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁一撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服）OIII.The Anglo-S axons（446-871）盎格鲁一撒克逊人（公元446871年）1.B asis of Modern E nglish race:the Anglo-S axons.盎格鲁一萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,S axons,and Angles came to B ritain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland,came to B ritain first.A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.Then the S axons,users of the short-sword from northern Germany,established their kingdom in E ssex,S ussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.In the second half of the 6th century.In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles,who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the E nglish people,settled in E ast Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent,E ssex,S ussex,Wessex,E ast Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。后来从德国北部来的 使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六 世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯 利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。2.The early Anglo-S axons converted to C hristianity.最早的盎格鲁一撒克逊人改信基督教。The Anglo-S axons brought their own Teutonic religion to B ritain.C hristianity soon disappeared,except among the C elts of C ornwall,Wales,S cotland and Ireland.In 597,P ope Gregory I sent S t.Augustine,the P rior of S t.Andrew s Monastery in Rome,to E ngland to convert the heathen E nglish to C hristianity.In 579 S t.Augustine became the first Archbishop of C anterbury.He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility,but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁一撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克 尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁 修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579 年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但 是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。3.The E arly Anglo-S axons make the contributions to the E nglish state.早期盎格鲁一撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。The Anglo-S axons laid the foundations of the E nglish state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires,with shire courts and shire reeves,or sheriffs,responsible for administering law.S econdly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king,the basis of the P rivy C ouncil which still exists today.盎格鲁一撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡 法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪。此外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了议会（贤人会议），向国王提供建议，这就成为了 今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。IV.Viking and D anish invasions北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the D anes.They attacked various parts of E ngland from the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9th century,especially between 835 and 878.They even managed to capture York,an important center of C hristianity in 867.B y the middle of 9th century,the Viking and the D anes were posing a threat to the S axon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤 其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的基督教中 心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。2.King Alfred（849-899）and his contributions艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的贡献Alfred was a king of Wessex.He defeated the D anes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879.The D anes gained control of the north and east,while he ruled the rest.He also converted some leading D anes into C hristians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as“the father of the B ritish navy”.He reorganized the S axon army,making it more efficient.He translated a Latin book into E nglish.He also established schools and formulated a legal system.All this earns him the title“Alfred the Great.”阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦 首领成为基督教徒。他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制 度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王J的称号。V.The Norman C onquest（1066）诺曼征服（公元1066年）1.Reasons for William s invasion of E ngland after E dward?s death.威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。It was said that king E dward had promised the E nglish throne to William,but the Witan chose Harold as king.S o William led his army to invade E ngland.In October 1066,during the important battle of Hastings,William defeated Harold and killed him.One C hristmas D ay,William was crowned king of E ngland,thus beginning the Norman C onquest of E ngland.据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为 国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈 罗德也在此战争中战死。2.The Norman C onquest and its consequences 诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman C onquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in E nglish history.William the C onqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers.He replaced the weak S axon rule with a strong Norman government.He replaced the weak S axon rule with a strong Norman government.S o the feudal system was completely established in E ngland.Relations with the C ontinent were opened,and the civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French culture,language,manners and architecture were introduced.The C hurch was brought into closer connection with Rome,and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其 分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度 在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼一法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。3.The E nglish is a mixture of nationalities of different origins.The ancestors of many E nglish people were the ancient Angles and S axons.S ome E nglish people are of the Norman-French origin.英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一 些英国人的是诺曼血统。英语国家概况精讲：第三章 英国的形成C hapter 3：The S haping of the Nation(1066-1381)英国的形成(公元 10661381)I.Norman Rule(1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1.Williams Rule(1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)E nglands feudalism under the rule of William the C onqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度Under William,the feudal system in E ngland was completely established.According to this system,the King owned all the land personally.William gave his barons large estates in E ngland in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce.These estates were scattered far and wide over the country,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king.The barons,who had become Wi11iam，s tenants-in-chief,parceled out land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services.(6)At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.One peculiar feature of the feudal system of E ngland was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king.在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给 小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。在封建等级底层的是农奴。英国封建制 独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效 忠于国王。2.King Henry II and his reforms亨利二世国王和他的改革The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy.He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave E ngland;recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king S tephen;demolished many castles built in S t