综合英语4-unit2.ppt

Unit TwoSpace Invaders.Why do they do that?.If you get on this subway,where would you sit?.If you have to go to the further end of the supermarket,how would you get over there?.So.People need personal space to feel comfortable.Personal SpaceIn 1966 Anthropologist Edward Hall identified four different zones of personal space Americans like to keep around them.How would you feel if you were in any of these situations?.So.“Space invaders”make people feel uneasy.Shared placeslElevators,buses,theaters,and many other similar“shared places”tend to reduce personal space.People who routinely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for“space invasion”than those who are not used to crowding.Different cultural ideas of personal spacelLatin Americans commonly put a hand on their conversation partners shoulder while speaking,esp.when both participants are of the same sex.lThere is a common shock in American businessmen when they go to Latin America.Latin men think nothing of giving each other a hearty hug when they meet.That might freak out an American man,who might want to slap his conversation partner on the arm or back an action a Latino would find startling or threatening.Different cultural ideas of personal spacelThe closest distance between two people in a conversation takes place in Middle Eastern.They even push and shove each other.Different cultural ideas of personal spacelThe British keep a big distances when they talk to each other.lThe Arab kept moving forward,while the Briton kept backing away to establish the distance at which he felt most comfortable.lThe result was a comical chase around the party hall,the Briton backing away with the Arab in pursuit.Different cultural ideas of personal spacelAsians tend to keep much more distance between each other than Westerners do.lThe perception of personal space is very strong in Japan.Crossing between two people or intruding into anothers space to move through a crowded room is seen as ruder than in other cultures.Different cultural ideas of personal spacelIn Germany,Austria,Eastern Europe and the Middle East,the buttock slap is given as a sign of insult.buttock pat,used in American sports as a sign of encouragement.Para 1lHow does the author describe the violation of personal space that happened in a bank?-He uses a series of verb phrases and adverbials vividly described the process in which the people in line,though reluctant,had to give away their personal space to the invaders.Para 1lHow many people at least are described here?-Five.lCan you play the process?-Yes!.Para 1lWhich word in the paragraph can vividly summarize the process?-Slinky.Slinky.Para 1lWhy does the writer tell his experience at the bank?-Because he wants to show the importance of personal space in maintaining public order.If ones personal space is invaded,he may,in preserving his own space,break into others personal space.This chain of reations can cause chaos in public order.Para 2lCan you draw the personal space according to the authors discription?-Yes!.Para 2lWhat definition does the author give to personal space?-The last sentence.Para 3lWhats the topic sentence?-The first sentence.lWhats the function of the following sentences?-Examples to illustrate the topic sentence.Para 3lHow many examples are there?lWhat are the occasions?.Wedgen.la wedge of cakevi.force into a narrow space lThe dictionary wont wedge into such a narrow space.Wedgevt.lwedge sth./sb.into/throughlThe people sitting close to me were wedging me into the corner.lbe wedged(in)between two personslwedge a window to prevent it from rattling.Wedgel我被紧紧夹在两个乘客中间下不了公共汽车了-I was so tightly wedged between two other passengers that I couldnt get off the bus.l她的箱子里再也塞不进别的东西了。-She couldnt wedge another item into her suitcase.A Bus in Wuhan.Zigzagn.adj.Zigzagvi.move forward by going at an angle first to one side then to the other lWe are zigzagging up the hill.lThe motor bike was zigzagging in and out of the traffic.lLightning zigzagged across the sky.adv.lThe path ran zigzag up the hill.Zigzagl那个醉鬼歪歪倒倒地沿街走去。-The drunken man zigzagged down the street.Jostlevi.vt.push,elbow,or bump against(someone)roughly,typically in a crowdljostle ones wayljostle against sth.Synonym:bump,push,shove,thrust,presslDont jostle(against)me.lThe crowd jostled into the new stadium.JostleSynonym:lpush,elbow,press,shove.Jostlel 我们被人群挤来挤去。-We were jostled in the crowd.l我终于挤下了车。-I finally jostled my way off the bus.Carve out establish or create something through painstaking effortlHe carved himself out a nice position in the business.lHe carved out a career for himself.riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space -subway passengers are no longer trying to establish some personal space between them 地铁乘客不再努力营造小范围的私人空间。.Fidgetyadj.impatient or uneasylTraveling in planes makes me fidgetylMary is always fidgeting about her mothers health.Fidget v.make small movements,especially of the hands and feet,through nervousness or impatiencelHurry up,your father is beginning to fidget.lWhats fidgeting you?fidget about/with.Fidget ln.(pl.)l I always get fidgets during long meetings.-会议开得长我就坐不住了lHaving to sit still for a long time often gives small children the fidgets.-久坐往往使小孩子们烦躁不安。.Para 4lWhat does this tendency refer to?-The phenomenon exemplified in the previous paragrapgh,that is,personal space is being invaded more than ever before.lWhat did the author think caused it?-population explosion;season;stimulating effect of caffeine.Para 4lWhich expressions give you the clue?-attribute.to;wondered if.;or perhaps.lWhats the main idea of this paragraph?-Possible causes of space invasion.attribute.to.believe(something)to be the result oflJim attributes his success to hard work.lThe car accident was attributed to faulty breaks.lSynonym:owe to ascribe to.attribute.to.l他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。-They attribute their success to their teachers encouragement.l两位教皇都死于心脏病。-The deaths of both popes were attributed to heart attacks.relentless adj.never ending;oppressively constant lHe was relentless in his pursuit of fame and fortune.without pitylrelentless persecution by Bloody Mary.relentless relent v.become less severe;give up unkind or cruel intentionslFather objected at first but then relented and let us go camping by ourselves.relentlessly adv.lHe beat his child relentlessly.relentlessl 绵绵秋雨后，气温下降了。-It cools down after a relentless autumnal rain.Malthusian logic:lnote 4,p21 lFamily Planning System in China.T-shirt weatherweather in which people wear T-shirts.proximityn.(formal)nearness in space,time,or relationship lin(close)proximity to;in the proximity oflin the proximity(ie neighbourhood)of the buildinglThe restaurant benefits from its proximity to several cinemas.Synonym:lnearness,closeness.proximitylproximate adj.nearest.proximityl多少世纪以来，它们的巢穴一直都紧靠人类。-For centuries and centuries,their nests have been placed in closest proximity to man.lThe research was facilitated by proximity to a large library.-靠近大图书馆给那项研究提供了便利。.alluring adj.charming,fascinatinglDrizzling makes the small town more alluring.lWearing the new blouse,she looked more alluring.allurev.powerfully attractlallure sb.from;allure(sb.)intolThe window displays allure customers to buy goods.lRewards allure men to brave danger.重赏之下必有勇夫。Synonym:lure,temptn.attractiveness;charm.Ive wondered if its the season:.(or much,much less).-I have suspected that maybe the cause(of the space invasion)is the season:summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely,to keep a distance between each other.我怀疑是季节造成了空间侵略：T恤也许会让人们想亲密接触（也更可能让彼此疏远）.Proliferationn.rapid increase in numberslnuclear non-proliferation treaty 防止核扩散条约.proliferatevi.increase rapidly in numbers l因为核武器的扩散，世界变得越来越不安全。-The world is becoming more and more unsafe due to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.infuse vt.put,pour(a quality,etc.)into,fill(somebody with)l sth into sb/sth;sb/sth with sth lThe leader had the gift of being able to infuse enthusiasm into the most skeptical member of the group.lThe news infused the workers with new life.linfusion n.infuse l将军的话使士兵充满勇气。-The words of the general infused fresh courage into the soldiers.lNow there are more and more returned students,who will infuse new blood into the technology development in China.-现在海归越来越多,这将给我国的科技发展注入新鲜的血液。.janglev.cause to give out a harsh metallic noise;quarrel nosilylHer voice jangles on my earsn.lthe jangle of the telephonelthe jangle of the wailing of police sirens.keep to oneselfremain private;avoid meeting other people sociallylNobody knows much about him;he keeps(himself)(very much)to himself.-谁都不太了解他,因为他很少与人来往。.Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars.no longer keep to themselves.-Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan attract more and more people,who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine,so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in privacy.-或者可能是曼哈顿不断涌现的咖啡厅它们的数量似乎每三个月就会增加一倍给已经闹个不停的当地人灌下了大量咖啡因，使他们再也耐不住寂寞。.Para 5lWhat does the author mean by saying“personal space is mostly a public matter”?-Personal space,first of all,is the space you expect and are expected to keep between you and other people in public places in order to maintain the appropriate interpersonal relationship.lWhich is the topic sentence?-The second sentence.we allow all kinds of invasions.wouldnt exist without them.)-privately we allow may people around us to invade our personal space in order to establish close relationships with them,which ensures that human beings develop a society of intimacy and love.-私下里我们允许各种入侵私人空间的形式。（没有它们就不会存在仁爱社会。）.The logistics of it vary according to geography-People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space-对私人空间的安排随地域变化。.logistics-the skillful organization of doing something so that it can be done successfully.tread v.set ones foot down;walk or steptread on sbs toes:offend or annoy sb lI dont want to tread on anyones toes.tread on air:be very happy(at some news)lAt the news that he passed the driving test,he trod on air all afternoon.Synonym:trample.coinv.make(coins)by stamping metal invent(a new word or phrase).someone with a spread-those people who have a farm and thus have a large space to themselves.“Dont tread on me”could have been coined only by someone with a spread.-“Dont step into my space.”This could have been said only by a person who has a large personal space.-“别挤到我的地盘。”这样的话只会出自一位有很大私人空间的人士。.wagerv.(more formal term for)bet lwager on sth.lwager sb.that lYou wont find better goods anywhere else,Ill wager.n.llay/make a wager;lose/win a wager.wagerlI wager you 5 pounds that they will win the next election.-我和你赌5英镑，他们会赢得下届选举。.trespass v.enter someones land or property without permissionltrespass on someones private propertytake advantage of sth in a selfish way;use sth unreasonablylI dont want to trespass on your hospitality.我不想叨扰你。ln.trespass l他们不该耽误她的工作时间。-They should not trespass on her working time.To an Englishman,a handshake.may come across as chilliness.-(Englishmen usually have a roomier concept of personal space,therefore,)even a handshake can be taken as an invasion,while Brazilians would only accept a hug as a warm greeting.-对于英国人，握手都显得有些冒犯；但是对于巴西人，不拥抱就让人觉得冷漠。.Para 6lWhats the key word in this paragraph?-Manners.lWhy did the author discuss manner here?-He considered the decline of manners to be one of the cuases of space invasion.plown.v.force a way(and make a track).mutter v.say something in a low,or barely audible voicelThe old woman muttered to herself.lThe dissatisfied workman muttered a threat.Synonym:murmur,grumblen.mutter l当那人走过时，我们听见他嘟哝着什么。-We heard the man muttering something as he walked by.l当士兵们得知所有假期都被取消时，他们生气地低声抱怨。-The soldiers muttered angrily when they heard that all leaves had been canceled.bump v.knock or strike(something)with a dull-sounding blowlThe child bumped his head on the table.lbump into:encounter by chance,run acrosslMary was walking down the street,when she suddenly bumped into Joan.bump v.move with a jerky,jolting motion(like a cart on a bad road)lThe heavy bus bumped along the rough mountain road.bumplbump n.lbumpy adj.lThey suffered the bumpy ride for 3 hours.lamentv.express regret or disappointment over something considered unsatisfactory,unreasonable or unfairllament(for)a dead friend llament(over)ones misfortunesn.llamentable adj.regrettable.lamentProper form of lament.lHis examination results were _.lThe poor lady _ over her misfortune.lamentablelamented.The decline of manners has been widely lamented.-We have been grieving at the deteriorated manners of our society.我们对礼节的退化深表遗憾。.grant v.agree to give or allow(something requested)lThe firm granted him a pension.agree(that something is true)n.money or land from a governmentlStudents in this country receive a grant from the government.grantCollocation1)Granted,but l“Weve been successful this year.”“Granted.But can we do it again next year?”Paraphrase:Yes,we have.But can we be successful again next year?.grant2)Granted(that)/Granting(that)lGranting his honesty,he may be mistaken.Paraphrase:Although he is an honest person,he does wrong sometimes.3)take for granted.Para 7lDo space invaders respect other peoples personal space?-No.They want to have as much space to themselves as possible.Ive also noticed an increase.a sense of manifest destiny.-Ive also noticed that the problem of space invasion becomes more and more serious,and those space invaders,acting in the same way as the territory expansionists usually do,seize public space as a matter of course.我注意到入侵私人空间的行为日益严重，这些地盘扩张者把占据公共空间视为理所当然。.stake(out)a claim to.mark out(a piece of land,etc)as ones own l中国声称对南沙群岛拥有主权。-China stakes a claim to the Spratly Islands(Nansha Islands).annexv.take control of land or property without permissionlJapan annexed Korea in 1910.-日本在1910年吞并了朝鲜。n.an addition that extends a main buildinglannexation n.elbow room space in which one can move freelylI need(some)more elbow-room.-我需要大一些的活动空间.routineadj.usual,ordinary,habitual;regular lthe routine procedurela dull routine jobn.fix and regular way of doing thingsldo sth as a matter of routine lroutinely mandeerv.take possession of something officially or unfairlylThe policemen commandeered a taxi to chase the robbers.lThe local hotel was commandeered for the wounded.boothn.small enclosure or compartment for a specific purpose la telephone boothla polling booth.Para 8lWhy is the personal space shrinking in general?-Because of the expansion of self-absorption.shrinkv.process or result of becoming less or smallerlThe sweater will shrink if washed improperly.v.move back,show unwillingness to do sth.(from shame,horror,etc.)lShe shrank back from the horrifying spectacle.lshrinkage n.process of shrinking,degree of shrinking.be proportional to increase or decrease at the same rate as the other thing increases or decreases=be in proportion to=be relative to sth.lPayment will be in proportion to actual work done rather than the time spent.