白城万头奶牛可行性研究报告.doc

live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on the dictionary until he was very old. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, Where are we going? It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now, I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, When are we leaving and when are we coming back? I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined lookthe kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in. Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain. At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold. Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and the high altitude,the Mekong becomes wide，brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINSAlthough it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?Thats what we looked like! Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze.However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didnt need to encourage her. To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. We seemed to be able to see for miles. At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. Then we began going down the hills. It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. At this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts. In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat. After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake. At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. It was so quiet. There was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly wait to see them!PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEYCambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population. At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. Her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. Then we came to the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia. In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh City; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. It can only be seen outside the palace on special days. We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late. We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. Cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.Now our couins had the chance to make jokes about Wangwei and me. Perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!We had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.Two days later we crossed the border into Vietnam. We began to see many more people,but I wasnt surprised .I read in an atlas before our trip that Vietnam has almost seven times the population of Cambodia. We met a farmer who gave us directions and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.He also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cooler than here in the south,where it is flat.Although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm very quickly.So we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.Soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.Two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the sea. We were tired but also in high spirits:our dream to cycle along the Mekong River had finally come true.Unit 4A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDT SLEEP Strange things were happening in the countriside of northest HeBei.For there days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.Farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. A smelly gas came out of the cracks. In the farmeryards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.At about 3:00am on July 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky.The sound of the planes could be heard outside the city,who thought little of these events,were asleep as usual that night. At3:42 am everything began to shake.It seemed as if the world was at an end!Eleven kilometres directly below the city the greast earthquake of 20th century had begun. It was felt in Beijing,which is more thantwo hundred kilometres一、总 论（一）项目背景1项目名称吉林省金谷膨化饲料有限公司1万头奶牛规范化园区建设项目2承办单位概况承办单位及法人代表承办单位: 吉林省金谷膨化饲料有限公司法人代表: 于立军承办单位概况吉林省金谷膨化饲料有限公司位于大安市长虹街铁西1号，成立于2007年8月。注册资本金2000万元，是全国最大的从事膨化、熟化膨化饲料研发与生产的大型民营饲料生产企业。公司主要经营膨化玉米粉以及膨化配合饲料出口业务和国内销售。公司内设生产部、技术部、销售部、市场部、储运部、办公室等6个职能部门，现有员工235人。公司占地面积84200平方米，其中，建筑面积31500平方米。具备6万吨的原料及成品仓储能力，公司拥有国内最大的北京现代洋工机械有限公司制造的EXT200G型成型、成熟生产线两条，年产膨化玉米粉10万吨；牧羊集团制造的年产多种配合饲料8万吨生产线一条；牧羊集团制造的年产蒸汽压片玉米4万吨的生产线一条，年产各种饲料22万吨。2008年企业边生产边施工，共取得销售收入2088万元，净利润23万元。至2008年末，资产总额16351万元，其中：固定资产6559万元，流动资产9792万元。被美国大豆协会誉为“亚洲最大大豆、谷物膨化挤压生产基地”，并被列为国际合作项目。奶牛饲料作为公司另一主打产品，现已与北京三元集团全方位合作，被列为北京三元集团“北方生产基地”。而狐貉饲料全部采用特种饲料的领航企业-沈阳双良饲料公司的技术。公司经几年的发展取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益，促进了地方经济的发展。3可行性研究报告编制单位吉林省轻工业设计研究院工程设计证书甲级070112-sj号工程咨询证书工资甲10820070042号4可行性研究报告编制依据（1）编制依据国家发改委颁布的投资项目可行性研究指南；国家的有关政策、法规、标准及规范；项目建设单位、当地政府提供的相关资料；全国畜牧业规划及十年远景规划中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医局；吉林省人民政府关于加快生猪、肉牛奶牛、家禽产业发展的意见;国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门奶业整顿和振兴规划纲要的通知；国务院关于促进奶业持续健康发展的意见。（2）编制原则在设计研究过程中坚持以经济效益、社会效益双赢为目的，选择先进的工艺路线、合理的设备，确保产品质量在国内、外市场的先进性。充分利用当地在资源方面的优势，节省投资，缩短工期，提高效益，尽快收回投资。在设计研究过程中，认真贯彻执行国家有关法规、规范，搞好环保、节能、卫生安全及消防等设计。4项目提出的理由与过程（1）项目建设背景 奶业是农业的重要组成部分，是农业现代化的重要标志，是农民增收的重要渠道；乳制品是营养最为丰富的食品之一，是人民生活不可或缺的“菜篮子”产品，与提高生活质量和增进身体健康密切相关。改革开放30年来，特别是近10年来，中国奶业发展有了长足的进步，奶的人均占有量比30年前增长了十几倍、二十倍，总产量已经跃居世界前列。“一杯奶可以拯救一个民族”，推行以奶为重点的“早餐革命”，以及推行“学生奶”等这些举措和观念，人们观念的改变和生活方式上的改变，大大推动了奶业市场的攀升。但是，从全中国的范围来讲，奶业还是一个新兴的起步不久的产业。 2008年是我国奶业困难的一年。三鹿奶粉事件的发生，不仅给婴幼儿的生命健康造成损害，给社会稳定和国家形象带来负面影响，更使我国奶业发展陷入严重的困难和危机。消费者信心严重受挫，乳制品消费市场一度陷入低迷；生产企业产品大量积压，流动资金紧张，陷于停产、半停产状态；奶牛养殖业比较效益有所下降，在全国奶牛养殖产业的主要基地奶农信心严重受挫，普遍出现倒奶现象，频频曝出“奶农杀牛”事件，不少投资者关闭养殖小区，许多小牛被卖到屠宰场 。一些刚出生的小牛犊也难逃厄运，被不分公母地统统卖到血清站（宰杀抽血清）或屠宰场；民族品牌的信誉受损，一些国家（地区）禁止进口我国乳制品。这起事件的发生，暴露了我国乳品质量管理和监管方面存在的突出问题，深入分析，则是我国奶业发展中长期积累的矛盾和问题的集中反映。奶牛养殖方式落后，规模化、标准化水平低，奶农与乳制品生产企业的利益关系不合理是其问题之一。许多奶农因为价格贵，没有购买好的奶牛品种，奶牛开始产奶了才喂一些精饲料，并且还想少喂一点，但奶牛产奶的时候却又希望多产出一些，最后牺牲了奶牛的产量和牛奶的品质，其实根本的办法是通过规模化养殖来降低饲料采购的成本和养殖管理的成本，通过集约化科学饲养提高奶牛的产量和质量。整顿和振兴奶业，是近期帮助企业、农户摆脱困境，保护奶业生产力的需要；是深入贯彻落实国务院关于促进奶业持续健康发展的意见，加大改革力度，全面加强制度建设，解决奶业深层次矛盾和问题的需要；是瞄准国际先进水平，从我国实际出发，全面建设现代奶业的需要。只要我们以危机为契机，坚定不移地推进整改，全面加强以质量为核心的制度建设，就能够保持奶业的发展势头，把奶业发展推向新阶段。要以奶业整顿为突破口，全面提升食品行业的质量安全和监管水平。国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门奶业整顿和振兴规划纲要的通知对奶业整顿和振兴工作，提出了三个阶段的工作目标：一是对乳品生产、收购、加工、销售等各环节进行全面整改，加大扶持力度，使各环节基本恢复到正常状态。二是到2009年10月底前，健全相关法律法规，完善乳品质量标准，推广生鲜乳生产技术规程，加强奶站规范化建设和管理，推进乳制品生产企业建立良好生产规范，使奶业发展在制度化、规范化建设上迈出重要步伐。三是到2011年10月底前，在推进养殖规模化、产销一体化，加工布局优化、全行业标准化，以及规范市场竞争、完善质量标准体系等方面取得实质进展。力争奶牛良种覆盖率提高到60%，奶牛平均单产水平接近5.5吨，100头以上规模化养殖场（小区）奶牛比重达到30%左右；乳制品生产企业完成良好生产规范改造，基地自产生鲜乳与加工能力的比例达到70%以上；乳制品加工行业的集中度进一步提高。奶业的质量标准体系、检测监管体系、质量管理体系基本建立，乳制品质量安全水平显著提升，奶业的整体素质和效益达到新水平，现代奶业基础格局初步形成。我国奶牛养殖业经过几年的发展，现已具备一定的规模，但仍存在一些瓶颈制约着奶牛养殖业的进一步提高。在现阶段我国整个奶业产业链中，奶牛养殖生产、奶品加工、奶品销售三个环节利润比大概在0.836.2，与此相反，奶牛养殖生产、奶品加工、奶品销售三个环的成本比例正好相反，为631。这种分配模式比喻为“倒金字塔型”，说明整个乳业价值链早已处于畸形状态。中国乳品企业把目光瞄准了回报率相对更高的中下游，放弃了“奶牛养殖生产”这个上游环节。按这种“要市场，不要牧场”的发展模式，由于难以控制奶源质量，蕴含着巨大风险，直接造成了中国奶源发展速度与企业扩张速度明显失衡。良种奶牛数量少。近3年来，尽管我国奶牛数量呈两位数增加，但荷斯坦良种牛比重仍不足1/3，大约有240万头牛，如果按成年母牛60、成年母牛繁殖率80，公母牛比例50、犊牛成活率95，产间距420天计算，我国每年增加的良种母牛为54.72万头，自然淘汰率（疾病、低产、年老等原因）按20计算，每年淘汰28.8万头，因此，每年净增加的良种奶牛数量只有26万头，自然增长率只有10.8。这样的增长速度与近3年我国某些省区奶牛养殖业发展规划要求的年增长50，或者成倍增长的目标存在着巨大的差距。把奶牛当成黄牛养。奶牛产奶量受饲养方式制约，尤其是在出生45天到18个月配种怀胎这个时期的饲养非常关键，饲养情况决定了日后的产奶量。目前许多饲养户把奶牛当成黄牛来饲养，饲养管理极其粗放。他们给奶牛饲喂的粗饲料主要是干玉米秸秆、树叶、麦秸、稻草等，精饲料主要是“三合面儿”（豆粕、麸皮、玉米面），造成奶牛营养严重缺乏，从而导致其产后瘫痪、不发情、难产、胎衣不下等，严重地影响了奶牛的正常生产性能，缩短了奶牛的使用年限，造成重大的经济损失。奶牛淘汰率太低。我们国家奶牛养殖户淘汰率很低，不到15%。去年由于奶业行情的下滑，开始淘汰率增加，这是好事，牛群的淘汰率越高，单产会越高。奶牛初配个体小。奶牛初配年龄应为1820个月、体重在380公斤左右，两项指标要综合考虑，既要达到性成熟，又要达到体成熟。不少饲养户不注重奶牛育成期的饲养管理，18个月龄时奶牛的体重仅有250300公斤，如果在此时配种，常常造成奶牛难产，结果不得不进行助产，从而使产道损伤、阴户破裂，继发子宫内膜炎，不仅影响下一胎的正常繁殖，而且影响本身的生长发育和产奶性能。因此，必须注意加强犊牛和育成牛的饲养管理。进行掠夺式挤奶。奶牛一个泌乳周期一般为305天，干奶期为60天。受奶牛产奶量、年龄、胎次、膘情及饲养水平等因素的影响，奶牛的干奶期应适当延长或缩短，但最短不能少于45天。有的饲养户为了眼前利益进行掠夺式挤奶，一直挤到奶牛不产奶为止。这样带来的负效应是严重的：一是奶牛过度消耗体内营养，影响体内胎儿的发育和下一个泌乳周期泌乳量的提高。二是造成奶牛产犊后发情晚或发情不明显，性周期紊乱。干奶期对奶牛必不可少，对膘情较差的奶牛应适当延长干奶期，使奶牛有充分的休养、缓冲时间，以弥补其体内营养的损失，为顺利产犊和下一个泌乳周期泌乳量的提高奠定基础。拴养。有许多人把奶牛长期拴在门口木桩上，不让奶牛运动，致使奶牛发情不明显、屡配难孕难产和胎衣不下等，且奶牛体质差，抗病力弱。奶牛必须运动，尤其是怀孕奶牛，如受条件限制不能提供运动场也由人牵引运动。许多饲养户认为奶牛越肥越好，他们在奶牛干奶期加大精饲料的饲喂量，造成奶牛过肥。也有些饲养户为了让奶牛多产奶就一味地多加精饲料。其实，这样做很容易造成奶牛反刍减弱、前胃弛缓、酸中毒。奶牛并非越肥越好，七八分膘情为最佳。饲养户要根据奶牛干奶期、产奶前期、产奶后期这个不同阶段的生理特点，掌握科学的饲养方法。无防疫意识。不刷拭牛体。奶牛新陈代谢旺盛，对外界环境反应敏感。当被毛被牛粪、灰尘等粘附时，易招蚊蝇叮咬，奶牛不舒服，常表现不安，以舌舔、蹭墙、蹄踢等方式解痒，造成食欲降低、产奶下降。所以应每天用刷子和梳子刷拭牛体，增加皮肤的血液循环，创造良好的卫生环境，充分发挥其生产性能。有人认为，奶牛体形大、耐粗饲、不易生病，因此，消毒防疫意识极差。在恶劣环境下奶牛最易患乳房炎，仅此一项即可造成较大经济损失，如果再传染上其它疾病，损失将更大，并可能威胁到人类健康。因此，每次挤奶前一定要对乳房进行严格的清洗消毒，对环境、场地、用品进行经常性的、程序化的消毒，同时注意饲料、饮水卫生，控制与外界人员及用品的接触，做好防病治病工作。根据最新精神，我国三年内奶牛养殖必须实现人畜分离、畜畜分离，进入规范化牧业养殖园区饲养，统一饲料、统一防疫、统一管理，取缔农户单户饲养模式。 吉林省是农业大省，尤其中部农业主产区种植业和畜牧业较发达，而奶业却是欠发达省份，在国家规划的东北奶业产区四省（区）中，草原面积仅次于内蒙古自治区列第二位，而奶牛存栏、奶类总产量、人均占有量、乳制品企业数均排最后一位，在全国各省（市、区）中的位次比较靠后。据统计，2006年全省奶牛存栏16.5万头，年产牛奶34.5万吨；2006年吉林省人均占有牛奶12.88，比全国人均24.29少11.41；单产水平也是如此，2006年全国平均每头奶牛年产奶2343，吉林省平均每头奶牛年产奶2091。吉林省政府出台关于加快生猪、肉牛奶牛、家禽产业发展的意见中提出，今年开始省政府每年安排1亿元的专项资金，采取以奖代补和贷款贴息的方式，连续投入4年，重点支持牧业大户、农村专业合作经济组织等新建的规模养殖场、养殖小区，支持现有规模。通过省、市、县共同努力，力争到2012年，全省规模化养殖比重由目前的58%提高到80%，全省奶牛达到53.3万头。白城市畜牧业是吉林省西部半农区、半牧区畜牧业的典型代表 ,从该区畜牧业现状分析 ,畜禽生产水平不高、畜禽结构不够合理、饲料资源开发利用不够、草原“三化”现象严重是制约吉林西部地区畜牧业发展的主要因素。因此 ,该区畜牧业可持续发展的基本思路是优化畜牧业生产结构 ,提高畜禽生产水平 ,发展高效畜牧业。具体包括大力推行“公司 +农户”的生产模式、发展“傻瓜化”的科学技术、提高畜牧业生产效率、广辟饲料资源、强化草原合理利用、建立人工草场、发展舍饲畜牧业、因地制宜发展生态畜牧业等措施 ,并通过加大政府支持力度、加强畜产品市场建设、积极组建农民协会等对策促进吉林省西部畜牧业可持续发展。近年来，白城市大力发展奶牛