外研版八年级下册语法讲解—完成时.doc

星火教育一对一辅导教案
学生姓名
王苏皖
性别
女
年级
八年级
学科
英语
授课教师
李玉玲
上课时间
2016 年4月23日
第（2 ）次课
共（15 ）次课
课时： 3 课时
教学课题
一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时辨析
教学目标
1. 掌握现在完成时的定义、出现的情况、标志以及考点；
2. 区分瞬间动作与延续性动作，学会把瞬间动作转换成延续性动作；
3.一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。

教学重点与难点
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。
教学过程
Step 1 时态的基本构成和肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句形式
现在完成时的肯定句
构成： 主语 + have (has) + P.P. (过去分词）+ …
主语（第一、二人称单、复数）+ have+ 过去分词
（第三人称复数） + have + 过去分词
主语（第三人称单数) + has + 过去分词
例句： I have lived in Beijing for a long time.
We have known each other.
They have passed the exam.
He has won the first prize.
现在完成时的否定句
构成： 主语 + have (has) + not + P.P. (过去分词）+…
主语（第一、二人称单、复数）+ have + not + 过去分词
（第三人称复数） + have + not +过去分词
主语（第三人称单数) + has + not +过去分词
例句： I haven’t been to Shanghai.
We haven’t seen this movie yet.
He hasn’t been to Beijing since then.
现在完成时的一般疑问句
构成： Have (Has) + 主语 + P.P. (过去分词）+ …?
例句： -- Have you finished your homework?
-- Yes, I have.
-- No, I haven’t.
现在完成时的特殊疑问句
构成： 特殊疑问词 + have (has) + 主语 + P.P. (过去分词）+ …?
例句： How many times have you been to the Great Wall?

Step2 基本含义和用法
一、用法
1. 表示开始于过去的动作最近刚结束 现在完成时表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束时，常和以下时 间状语连用：just刚刚, already已经, ever曾经, recently最近, never从未, yet还，仍然（否定句）；已经（疑问句）.
例句： Have you ever worked on a farm?
I have already finished my homework.
He has just e.
2. 继续
表示过去开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态。 常和表示一段时间的状语连用。 since + 时间点：从……开始
for +一段时间：在……期间
例句：I have studied English for three years.
He has studied English since he was five years old.
---How long have you been here?
---I came here an hour ago. I’ve been here for about an hour.
3. 经验
表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情常和以下的词连用：often经常, never从不, ever曾经, once一次 twice两次,since自从, before之前.
例句：Jim has been late for class five times.
He has never been ill in his life.
We have visited your school before.
Step 3 常见句型
二、能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：
(1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时：
　自上周以来我一直未见过她。____________________________________________________
　自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了。______________________________________________
(2) so far(到目前为止)：
　到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。__________________________________________________
到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。__________________________________________  
(3) in/during the past … years(在过去…年中)：
　过去两年我很少见到他。________________________________________________________
　最近一个月里我都在这儿。______________________________________________________
(4) up to now(到现在为止)：
到现在为止这工作还算容易。__________________________________________
到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。__________________________________
(5) It’s the first time that…(第一次…)：
这是我第一次来这儿。__________________________________________________________
别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合发言。__________________________________________

Step 4 使用现在完成时需注意事项：
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
I have washed the car. (It is clean.)
I washed the car yesterday.
现在完成时强调的是在时间上与现在的联系，因此它不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用，如ago（以前）、yesterday（昨日）、last week（上周）、 three years ago（三年前）、in 2001（2001年）、以及以when为首的疑问句等。在完成时句子中，终止性动词（也叫点动词）一般不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。

2. when不能和现在完成时连用
1. A: Have you ever met Sally?
B: Yes, I have.
A: When did you meet her?
B: Last week.
A: Oh. She has been here already.
2. A: I think the book is worth reading.
B: Have you borrowed it from our library?
A: Yea, I have.
B: When did you borrow it?
A: Two days ago.
3. 非延续性动词在现在完成时里的使用
非延续性动词（点动词）表示不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作。因此在现在完成时中，这种动词不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。
常用的非延续性动词有：
arrive 到达 begin开始 borrow借 buy买
e来 die去世 go去 join参加
leave离开 lose失去 marry结婚 stop停止
非延续性动词在现在完成时里不能和表示一段时间的for或者since连用 。
I bought a bike three years ago. I have had the bike for about 3 years.
---I borrowed a book from the library.
---How long have you kept the book?
---When did his grandpa die?
---Ten years ago. He has been dead for ten years.

He has left. He has been away for a long time.
常见的相应转换形式如下:

三、练习环节
（1）He came to our village two years ago.
He our village since two years ago.
（2）He left home three days ago.
He home for 3 days.
（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago.
I the watch since 2 weeks ago.
（4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book.
I the book for 5 days.
（5）The film has begun.
The film for half an hour.
（6）I got to know him 10 years ago.
I him for 10 years.
（7）There is a factory.
There a factory for 20 years.
（8）Our school opened in 1960.
Our school since 1960.
4.have/has been to 与 have/has gone to
1) .have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：
He has been to the USA three times.
2.have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如：
--Where's your mother?
--She has gone to the hospital.
Step 5 动词的过去分词变化规则
规则动词过去分词构成：

不规则动词分类速记
1. A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）

 2. A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形）
beat beaten 打
⒊ A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形）
e e 来
bee bee 变
run run 跑
4．A ---B ---B型
（1）动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。
Burn burnt /burned burnt/burned 燃烧
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习
mean meant meant 意思

hear heard heard 听见
⑵ 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。
build built 建筑
lend lent 借给
send sent 送
spend spent 花费
lose lost 失去
⑶其他
pay paid 付
lay laid 下蛋
say said 说
bring brought 带来
buy bought 买
think thought 想
fight fought 战斗
catch caught 抓住
teach taught 教
sleep slept 睡
keep kept 保持
sweep swept 扫
stand stood 站
understand understood 明白
win won 得胜
feel felt 觉得
find found 发现
get got 得到
have had 有
hold held 持有，握
leave left 离开

make made 制造
meet met 遇见
sell sold 卖
shoot shot 射击
tell told 告诉
sit sat 坐
dig dug 挖
5. A---B---C型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同）
（1）动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。
eat eaten 吃
fall fallen 落下
steal stolen 偷
give given 给
freeze frozen 冻结
take taken 拿
see seen 看见
write written 写
ride ridden 骑
drive driven 驾驶
throw thrown 抛，扔
blow blown 吹
grow grown 生长
know known 知道
fly flown 飞
draw drawn 拉，绘画
show shown 展示
⑵过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
speak spoken 说话

break broken 破碎，折断
wake waked/ waken 醒
choose chosen 选择
forget forgotten 忘记
⑶变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。
begin begun 开始
ring rung 按铃
sing sung 唱
sink sunk 沉
swim swum 游泳
drink drunk 饮
⑷其他不规则动词的变化。
be(am, is) been 是
be(are) been 是
do done 做
go gone 去
lie lain 躺
wear worn 穿

Step 6 课后小结
现在完成时是八年级下册的一个重点语法内容，所以肯定是期中考试的重点，之前的五个模块都有讲过，在这里再做个综合复习，是很有必要的。
课后作业
一 用括号内动词的适当形式填空
1. Daniel and Tony__________ (be) in Class Two now.
2. Jack__________ (put) on his thick coat because it was snowing.
3. He__________ (sit) down and began to read his newspaper.
4. We__________ (see) several members of the family since we__________ (arrive).
5. He__________ (go) swimming in the river every day in summer.
6. I__________ never__________ (eat) such delicious noodles before.
7. Light__________ (travel) much faster than sound.
二、 完形填空
先通读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
For many people, going on holidays has bee part of their life. But some people are 16 about the travel price. Can we still pay for traveling 17 spending too much money?
We talk to some people to get some useful 18 . They all agree that making a good plan is very 19 . They say if you want to travel by yourself, 20 you go traveling, you may want to spend less money. And then you should think about the following things.
Cheap does not always mean 21 quality(质量). Spend some time studying about a hotel or the place you want to go.
Driving a car may not be the 22 choice because sometimes you should pay more money for that.
Walk the further mile. You get to know a town or a city 23 on foot as you can stop anywhere and anytime. And the locals(居民) may be your best 24 . Sometimes they tell better stories than tour guides.
You can always 25 the bus if you are interested in something when you travel. So if you don’t want to walk, just take the bus. You can see people’s life in the city.
16．A. excited B. happy C. worried D. glad
17．A. with B. not C. and D. without
18．A. advice B. idea C. plans D. piece
19．A. helpless B. important C. easy D. bad
20．A. before B. after C. if D. as soon as
21．A. high B. good C. low D. nice
22．A. good B. bad C. best D. nice
23．A. worse B. better C. little D. less
24．A. workers B. teachers C. doctors D. guides
25．A. get on B. get off C. get in D. get out of

三、 阅读理解

（A）
Once upon a time in Greece (希腊) there lived a clever man. His name was Aesop.
One day, when Aesop was taking a walk in the country, a man on the road stopped him. He said, "Kind sir, can you tell me how soon I can get to town?" "Go," Aesop answered.
"Of course I know I must go," said the man," But I want to know how soon I can get to town." "Go," Aesop shouted to him again.
The man got angry. "He must be mad," he thought. And he walked away. Suddenly he heard Aesop shouting to him, "You will get to town in two hours.”The man was in great surprise. He turned back and asked, "Why didn’t you tell me that before?"
"How could I tell you that before?" answered Aesop. "I didn't know how fast you could walk."
26. One day Aesop was ____.
A. stopping a man walking B. talking in town
C. taking a walk in the country D. watching a man walking
27.When the man asked Aesop the question, he ____.
A. didn't answer at first B. said that he couldn’t answer it
C. told him that he was clever D. shook his head
28.From the text we know that ____.
A. Aesop wasn't very clever B. the man didn't know the way to town well
C. the man knew how soon he could get to town D. the man knew Aesop very well
29.The man got angry because ____.
A. Aesop said he wouldn't tell him anything B. he was very tired at that time
C. he didn’t know what Aesop meant D. it would take him two hours to get to town
30.We can guess that at last the man felt very ____.
A. pleased B. angry C. sad D. hungry