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托福高分语法讲解精选集.pdf

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1、最新托福高分语法讲解精选集第一章名词正确区分可教名词与不可数名词、正确选择可教名词 单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词教(单复数)之间 的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常 考的内家第一节可教名词考点一单复数可教名词与不可教名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和 复数两种形式I。TOEFL考试中经常在不可教名词后面加了 s,变为复 教形式,其实这是再考你辨别可教名词和不可教名词 的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可教名词是采用单数还是 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词耒辨 别。例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当 然要用复数形式)下面我们会讲下复数形式。复数形式

2、简而言之就是在单数词是加-S,但实际上细 分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是 s,o,X,ch,sh 的词,加一es,如:buses,tomatoes,faxes,matches,brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词,去掉y加-ies,如:factory-factories3.结尾是f,fe 的词,去掉f,fe加-ves,half-halves,knife-knives4.结尾是o,f的词也有一些加一s,如:photos,beliefs,chiefs2例题:(1)Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty an

3、d their fragrance.A BC D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可教名词可用不定冠词加单数或直 接用复数,因谓语是复教,故改为复教(2)Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B CD pain.3答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复教,故名词也用复教考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复教形式的记忆,作为考 题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复

4、教形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同*口:people,fish,Chinese(某 国 人)/aircraft,means,series,species,sheep,deer,aircraft 等2.外来词保邸了原来的复数形式,这一点需要重点拿 握,如:basis-bases analysis-analysescrisis-crises4medium(媒 体)-mediadatum(教据)-data curricLilLim(课程)一 curriculalarva(幼 虫)-larvae criterion(标准)一criteria phenomenon(现象)一phenomena3.通常

5、只以复数形式出现的词语,如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规)scales(天平)savings(储蓄),statistics(统计数据),headquarters(总部),4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语,如:goods(货物),manners(礼貌),troops(军队),authorities(当局)5不规则的名词复数child-children mouse 一5mice louse-licetooth-teeth foot-feet6.注意:有一些结眼是-s的词,但是要当作单教看 待,如:physics,politics,mathematics 是表示学科的 不可

6、教名词例题:(1)With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula,leadingA BCjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D6Like some other running birds,the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toedA B Cfeet.D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式,不定冠词a之后应接 可

7、教名词的单数,故将feet改为单数词汇:sanderling:三趾滨鹤第二节限定词名词究竟要用单教还是复教,与名词之前的限定词有 很大关氢限定词通帚分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单教:a/an,every,one,another,each,either,this,that,7such az many a,etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book.(两本书你可以随 便搂一本)2.之后肯定接复教:these,those,many,such,other,大于 one 的数词(ten,hundred,thousand,millio

8、n-),a few/few/fewer/fewest,a(great/good/large/small)number of,severalone ofz all(of),some/any(of),most(of),a lot ofz lots of,the rest of,plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数:the,noz his,her,their,my,etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定F艮定词no8(1)no既可用于可教名词复教前又可用于单数前,表 示否定意义.例如:No flowers in the garden.花园里没有花.No one is here.(2

9、)no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。二者的区别在于:no直接修饰名词,不能与其他限定词同时出现;not 一般出现在be动词或助动词之后,a,an,any等限 定词之前,它是否定式的组成要素,而不是名词的限定词例题:(1)The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is-clearly understood.(A)none9(B)no(C)not(D)nor答案:C解释:此句主调完整,据选项可知空白处需填入合逡 的词使原句变为否定,只有否定副词not可以和is配 合构成否定句,A、B、D之后都需要名词词组,不符 题意Not wo

10、man held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933,whenA BCFrances P erkins became secretary of labor.D10答案:A应改为:No解释:Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后,且它与单数名词词需加冠词,而no是形家词,可以直 接修饰后面的名词考点二their等物主代词1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词,其后既可接可数名 词的单复数(his pen,his pens)又可接不可教名词(his time),但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分教词除 外),例

11、如:不能说no my car,my no car,但是可以 说 My two red cars2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而 不用the,为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是11I个常考的点例/口:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products.这里用their而不用the例题:(1)A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shortenA BCthe lives.D

12、答案:D应改为:their解释:定冠词the指代不清,用物主代词their作名词12lives的限定语更符合英语习惯,还可臾出lives与people之间的所属关系(2)A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in anyA BCspecific way.D答案:B应改为:its解释:has是动词,不能修饰名词,且与从句的谓语冲 臾,依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语考点三只接复数名词的限定词 13a(large/small/great/considerabl

13、e/remarkable)number of,a variety of,a set of,a few,等表示数的固 定词组之后总是接复教名词例题:(1)In mathematical terms,modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting orA BCrelating those objects.D答案:B应改为:is a set解释:a set of是固定词组,表示一套、一组,后面接可14数名词的复数,与题中objects吻合(2)At birth,an infant exhibits a remarkable num

14、ber of motor response.A B CD答案:D应 改为:responses解释:短语a number of后面要求接可教名词的复教,number前可加某些形衮 词如great,considerable,remarkable,small 等表示 a lot of 或 a few注意“the number of”彳口“a number of”的区别The number of boys in Class Five is 25.(五班男孩的15数目是25,后面谓语动词用单数)A small number of families are able to afford anapartme

15、nt.(少数家庭能够买得起一套住房,)第三节冠词作限定词冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用,必、须和一个 名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。考点一不定看词a/an不走翘词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an的主要区别是:a用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写),如:a tower,a universityan用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写),如:an orange,an hour16不定冠词a/an与可教名词单数连用,表示泛指“一 个、“某一个”,有时还可代表一类人或事物.在作 表语或同住语的可教名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前

16、已有版主代词作限定语,如my pen).例题:(1)How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling,for no wild corn has everA BCbeen discovered,and it grows only where people plant and tend it.D答案:B有错应 改为:puzzle.17解释:不定冠词a应与可教名词单数连用,puzzling是 分词,不能单独与a连用,故改为名 词puzzleWhether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two,three,o

17、r four times a daily is aA B CDquestion of physiology and of culture.答案:D有错应改为:day解释:不定冠词a应与可教名词单数连用,而daily是 形家词,不能单独与a连用,故改为 名词day(3)P ewter,a metal with an ancient heritage,is still practical medium for the18ABCnonprofessional metal worker.D答案:C应 改为:still a practical解释:medium是可教名词,在句中作表语,其单数之前应该用不

18、定冠词a,an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型例题:(1)A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world.A B CD答案:A应改为:An emotion19解释:emotion是元音开头的名词,前面的冠词应用anIf a atom loses any of its electrons,it becomes positively charged and can combineA BCchemically with other atoms.D答案:A应改为:an atom解释:atom是元音开头的名词,

19、前面的冠词应用an考点二定冠词the定冠词F艮定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意 以下几点:20the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如:the fem(蕨类)/the wallflower序致词之前必须用the,如:the first woman,the nineteenth century但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby(3)形家词最高级之的必、须用the(有物主代词时除外),如:the largest city,the most advanced technologyof连接的名词前多用the,如:the development of the watch

20、,(5)世界上独无二的东西前应加the,如:the globe(地球),the equator(赤道)/the moon,the sun在下列情况下,般不用the:(1)表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前,一般不加,*口:Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语),21February(二月),America(美国)但是在表示诲洋、诲啖、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上thethe Great Lakes(美国五大湖),the ChangjiangRiver(长江)(2)无特指的不可数名词前,*口:algebra(代数advertising,accou

21、nting(会计学)(3)表示类别的复数名词前,如:Historians believe that-,Amphibians(两栖动物)hatch from-(4)一些固定词组中,如:in history,in nature,at work,at home/go to school,go to bed,in bed乘车的词组:by train(乘火车),by car(乘汽车).by22bicycle(翦脚踏车),by bus(乘公共汽车),by land(由陆路),by sea(由诲路),by water(由水路),by air(通过航空)on foot(步行),by plane(乘飞机),by

22、 ship(乘船),打球的词组:play tennis,play baseball,play basketball注意:表示职住的词之前的冠词有无均可,如:He was elected(the)chairman of the committee.例题:(D)Historically,-chief material for making furniturehas been wood,but metal and stone have also been used.(A)it was the(B)that the23(C)there was a(D)the答案:D解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除

23、,B使原句只 有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词 material的F艮定词,表特指The Yukon River,which flows into the Bering Sea,gives its name to a region ofABAlaska and a territory of the Canada.C D答案:D应政.为:of24解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠 词The development of professional sports in the UnitedStates dates back toA BCnineteenth centu

24、ry.D答案:D应改为:to the nineteenth解释:nineteenth是序教词,之前应加the第四节不可教名词英文中常把轴象名词和物质名词视为不可教名词,而 其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同,因此是学习英 文的一个难点,也是TOEFL中常出现的题型抽象名词如:(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)/口:news(新闻),information(信 息),population(人口),English(英语)/music(音乐),management(管理),enthusiasm(热情)work(工作),happiness(高兴)还有表达学科类的名词如:physics 物理

25、,politics 政治学,mathematics 数学,mechanics 力学,statistics(统计学)bioloby(生物学)物质名词如:equipment(装备),chalk(粉笔),glass(玻璃).grass(草),jewe I ry(珠宝)wood(木头)26考点一与可教名词的显著区别1.不可数名词没有复数形式,其数的表示必须通过“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”的结构或一些特定的限定词,*口:a sheet of steel(一片 钢)/a pieceof furniture(一件家具),two pieces of work(两份工作)an itemof news(条新闻

26、)2.不可教名词不能直接出现在不走翘词a,an之后 不能够说:an advice(个建议),而应该说a pieceof advice3.当表示一类事物时,可教名词可以通过加a,an、加 复数、或加定冠词the等方式,而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类27例题:(1)Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter andA B CDtrade.答案:C应 改为:advertising解释:advertising是不可教名词,不能加冠词词汜:barter:实物交易考点二限定词不可教名词的限定词

27、和不可数名词原形连用,下面这 些限定词后面一定跟不可教名词:much,a large amount of,a great deal of,a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)28little/a little/less/least,a piece/sheet/slice/barof,属不可教名词专用例题:(1)Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clearAB Cimage,most nonprofessional photographs demand few equ

28、ipment.D答案:D应改为:little.解释:equipment是不可数名词,不能用few修饰,应改为和其对应的little29(2)Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that hugeABthunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.C D答案:B应改为:much evidence解释:many是复数名词的限定词,昉evidence是不 可教名词,应用much作F艮走词另外一些词(词

29、组)如 such,some/any(of),most(of),a lot ofz lots of,the rest ofz plenty of 等既可接可数名词 又可接不可教名词。例如:a lot of students/a lot of moneythe rest of the students,the rest of moneyP ansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens,but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.第五节所有格及of结构考点一词尾加K或的所有格 所谓名词所

30、有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构,其最普通的形式为:n.+sz如:my mothers coat,the headmasters home,the presidents office如果原词结尾已有s,则只要加I 如:the students1 union,the ladies room例题:It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a31falling raindrop changes-round shape into ateardrop shape.(A)of the drop(B)the drops(C)drop of(D)d

31、rops their答案:(B)解释:此句包含由that引导的宾语从句,从句谓语动 词changes的宾语不完整,据选项推知需要一个和 round sh叩e搭配的表所属关系的词组,(B)自好构成 所有格形式.若选(A),语序应为the round shape of the drop;(C)所属关条颠倒;(D)结构混乱Over a very large number of trials,the probability of an events-is equal to the probability that it will not occur.32(A)occurs(B)will occur(C

32、)can occur(D)occurring答案:D解释:句中已有谓语动词J s只可能是名词所有格的标 志,后面自然应接名词性的结构,D之外的选项均可 一次性排除考点二of结构所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物),那么 大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者 说凡是不能够加的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来 表示所有关系,需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词 和动名词)如:the title of the passage33例如:(1)J ames Whistler was indifferent to the titles of hispainted and even chang

33、ed the namesABCof some works years after their completion.D答案:C应改为:paintings解释:of之前是名词,后面也需要一个名词共同构成 表示所有关豕的结构,将分词painted改为名词,这个 词组的意思为他的例的题目Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain andA B C34Dspinal cord.答案:B 应 改为:stimulation 解释:定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific ner

34、ve cells)结构瘩配表示所属关 幻stimulate是动词,应改 为名词形式第六节名词在句中的作用考点一名词(词组)作主语 填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型,大多数都 需要填入名词或名词短语 例题:In 196 4-of Henry Ossawa Tanners paintings 35was shown at the Smithsonian Institution.(A)was a major collection(B)that a major collection(C)a collection was major(D)a major collection答案:(D)解释:此句主语

35、建缺,且谓语动词was shown需与单 教主语搭配,故填入单数名词词组.(A)(C)中的was均 与原文中was冲突,违背了谓语唯一的原则,(B)使原 句变为只有从句无主句The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms ofA B CDmedieval alchemists.36答案:A应改为:beginnings.解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式j,begins是动词的 第三人称单数形式,不能置于the之后作主语考点二名词(词组)作宾语填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语例题:(

36、1)In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a-to New Yorks rockn roll fans.(A)new dance,the twist(B)twist,was the new dance(C)twist,the new dance that(D)new dance is the twist37答案:(A)解释:谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整,由空格前的 a可肯定应填入名词词组,(B)(D)都用谓语结构可资 先排除,(。中的that无族与空格后的部分构成从句,只有(A)符合名词作宾语的要求,其中退号后是名词 作同

37、优语Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicants instepA Bto see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch.C D答案:D应改为:promise.38解释:形衮词promising不能作动词show的宾语,需 改为名词考点三名词(词组)作同优语同住语主要由名词词组充当,对其前面的名词或代词 作补充说明,I came from J iangying,a very beautiful and peacef

38、ul town.例题:(1)In the nineteenth century,Samuel Gridley Howe founded the P erkins School for the Blind,-forchildren in Boston,Massachusetts.(A)that institutes(B)while instituted(C)was an institution(D)an institute 39答案:(D)解释:空白前的句子结构完整,空格后的结构和宾语 的很相似,(D)为名词词组,构成宾语的同伉语Martha Graham,-,has run her own d

39、ancecompany for half a century.(A)is the great modern choreographer(B)one of the great modern choreographers(C)that the great modern choreographers(D)the modern choreographers were great答案:B解释:此句主谓俱全,空格设在主语和谓语之间,且两 墙都有退号,推知缺少的是主语的同依语,B是名词词 组,可以胜任;AD中的动词与原句谓语冲突;C不是 竞整的同住语从句40考点四名词(词组)作定语名词修饰名词作定语的现象在

40、英语中也屡见不鲜,此 时前面的名词相当于形衮词的作用,只是依英语习惯 决定完竞用名词还是形衮词作定语,TOEFL有少量题 涉及这一问题这样的词语有:word order(词序),taxi driver(出 租车司机)等例题:Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region,Abilene,Kansas,ABis a prosperous trading and distribute center.C D41答案:D应改为:distribution/distributing.解释:动词distribute不

41、能修饰名词center,可改用名 词或分词,但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英 文习惯Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.A B C D答案:D应改为:color解释:此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复教,意 为色彩效果第二章形走词42形家词即strong,attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中 主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语 等成分第一节形家词修饰名词形今词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art,electric current,

42、great responsibility;这一考点在 TOEFL改错题占有相当的叱例,几乎每套题都包含一 道以上的题目考形衮词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应 该使用形家词的住置套用为名词、副词等例题:(1)The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.A B CD43答案:c应改为:certain.解释:certainty是名词,意为确定性,不能修饰名词,改为形衮词certain,表示某些Textile art is known for both its tactile and visionqualities.A B C

43、D答案:C应改为:visual.解释:vision是名词,不能修饰名词qualities,要用它的形衮词注意1:大多数形衮词既可以做定语也可以做表语,有 少数形衮词一般情况下只能做表语,比较下面两句话:44The man was awake.There was an awake man.(此句错误,awake 不能做定语)这类形木词包括:alone,afraid,alike,alert,aware,alive,ashamed,content,unable例题:(1)Many television newscasters make the public aneyewitness to the n

44、ews by meansAB Cof on-the-spot,alive reports.D答案:D应改为:live(adj.现场的,实况转播的)解释:alive不能做定语,只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports(现场报道)45Alike ethnographers,ethnohistorians make systematic observations,but they alsoA BCgather data from documentary and oral sources.D答案:A应政.为:I i ke解释:alike不能做定语,只能做表语;alike/like是TOEFL改

45、错中常考的考点注意2:形家词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象,避 免产生头重脚轻的感觉.如:a room bare of furniture,the form dependent of the contents 等,注意3:形家词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。当多个形木词(甚至包括指示代词,窗词和所有格)并46列故置于名词之前时,它们之间就存在着谁排在前面,谁排在后面的问题,一般来说:这个排序的规则是:冠词(a,an,the)/所有格(my,your等)/指示代词(this,that等)+数量形衮词+描述性形今词+名词如:two young American studentsmy thre

46、e red pencils第二节比较级英文中形东词在进行叱较时需变为叱较级,主要有两 种形式:在词尾加-er(单音节形家词),如:fast-faster,large-larger,busy-busier,big-bigger 等;或在词前加more(多音节形衮词),如:more useful,more complex 等少致词匕匕较 级形式 特殊,如:good(we ID-better,bad(ill)worse,many(much)more,little-less,far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的),47考点一含有标志词than1.最常见的叱较级句式是由连词tha

47、n引导叱较的对 象,如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.She possesses more books than I do.He is more intelligent than I expected.than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中,空后含有than的,通常空格处需要填叱较级,空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的 从句。例题:(1)Maine has-weather than most of the otherstates in the continental United States.(A)c

48、oolest(B)the coolest48(C)cooler(D)the cooler答案:A解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A,B可先排除;D多the;只有A正确P ennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.A BC D答案:A应改为:more解释:标志词than表明此句应用叱较级,而不是最高 级2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相叱的部分突出出来:49情况1:用指示代词that,those来代替省略的部分,如:The population

49、 of China is much larger than that of Great Britain.(that 才旨代 the population)His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues.(those 指代 designs)情况2:在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部 分相同,叱较的是主语部分,那么谓语部分通常用助 动词do来代替,并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒 装(do+主语)如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the

50、 playwrights who mayprobably contribute more to the success of a play.例题:50Mammals have a larger,more well-developed brain-other animals.(A)than do(B)that are having(C)which have(D)that do答案:A解释:空格前出现了形衮词比较级,空格后是叱较对 象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由 助动词do引起了一个小倒装考 点 二(not)so/as-as叱较级特殊句式(not)so/asas表示“如同.一样

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