跨文化交际c1.ppt

Introduction to Intercultural Communication Chapter 1.Self introduction page of the course leader nProf.Zhu Xiaoshu(Ph.D.)nUniversity of International Business and Economics/.Your final grade componentsnAttendance 10%nAssignments 30%nFinal exam 60%.Questions on the course participantsnIf you were asked to define culture,what definition would you give?n Have you thought of the possible difference between cross-cultural of intercultural communication?nHave you had any misunderstandings with foreign teachers and students,with whom you have contact?nWhy do we need to study intercultural communication?.Intercultural communication skills are essential for people todaynThe literature in international business is filled with examples of intercultural miscommunication and blunders,which show the results of miscalculating-or simply ignoring-the cultural dimension of international business.nMore and more people have come to realize the cultural impact and possible negative consequences that come from inappropriate communications during international transactions.The objectives of this coursenTo identify and analyze cultural differences so as to avoid such kinds of misunderstanding in international communication.nTo provide a framework for understanding of factors that influence intercultural communication.nTo help you develop effective strategies in dealing with potential cultural conflicts and improve your intercultural communicative competence.Defining Intercultural Communication(ICC)nThe term first used by Edward T.Hall in 1959 and is simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.nICC can include international,interethnic,interracial,and interregional communication.International communication nCommunication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals.nIt is quite formal and ritualized.Dialogue at the UN.Dialogue between Chinese Chairman and American president.Interethnic communication nCommunication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.Communication between a Tibetan and a Han.Interracial communication nIt occurs when the source and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races which pertains to physical characteristic.nIt may or may not be intercultural.Communication between whites and blacks in the U.S.Interregional communication nThe exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.nThey share common messages and experiences over a long period of time,but live in different regions of the same country.Interaction between southerners and northerners.The features of intercultural communication nIt is a universal phenomenon.It occurs everywhere in the world.If you are receiving messages from another culture,you are involved in ICC.nCommunications between cultures has been going on for thousands of years.Silk roadnIntercultural communication is a common daily occurrence.Foreign travelers,overseas students.Four crucial developments that contribute to the rapid increase of ICCnImprovements in transportation technologynDevelopments in communication technologynChanges in mass migration patternsnGlobalization of the world economy.International business nMultinational corporations annual sales are compatible to or greater than the yearly gross domestic product of most countries.nChinas share of the world trade has grown more rapidly with its trade volume ranked the 3rd in the world.nOf the top 500 world enterprises,almost 450 have come to China for investment.ICC is becoming increasingly important nGlobalization of the worlds economy will challenge virtually all businesspersons to become more internationally aware and intellectually adept.nThe major changes in Chinas society reinforce the fact that intercultural communication is becoming a daily occurrence and is becoming increasingly important.Edward Hall the founder of ICCnEdward Hall conceptualized this new field of ICC in the early 1950s.nThe Silent Language(Hall,1959)is considered the classic fundamental book of ICC study.ICC has continued to prosper in the U.S.because nThe country is a land of immigrants from many diverse culturesnThere are thousands of new immigrants entering the country every yearnThe U.S.has large numbers of foreign students and touristsnThe American involvement in the global economy.The development of ICCnThis new field of study originated in the U.S.in the late 1950s.nIt gained acceptance through training and testing practice in the 1960s and 1970s.nIt formed its basis framework in the late 1970s.nIt has made great achievements in theory and practice ever since the 1980s both inside and outside of the U.S.nToday,ICC is widely acknowledged and extensively researched in all parts of the world.ICC studies in China nICC was firstly introduced into China during the early 1980s by some English teachers.nHu Wenzhong,a leading scholar of ICC in China nThe 5th International Conference on Cross-cultural Communication was held in Harbin,ChinanChina Association for Intercultural Communication was established in 1995.ICC study in China grew from academic interest to theoretical research and practical implementation nVerbal communication the relationship between language and culture:vocabulary,syntax,pragmatic rules,discourse patterns and translationnNon-verbal communication nComparative study of customs and behavior patterns in China and other countriesnCultural differences in business managementnTraditional Chinese value orientations and their impact on modernization,etc.The multidisciplinary nature of ICCnL-linguistics and languagenA-AnthropologynP-Psycholinguistics and PsychologynS-Sociolinguistics and SociologynE-Education and EnglishnC-Communication studiesnC-Cultural Studies.Elements of ICC studynPhysical time,environment,comfort and needs,and physical mediumnCultural-ethnic,religious,and social differencesnPerceptual-viewing what is said from your own mindsetnMotivational-the listeners mental inertianExperiential-lack of similar life happeningsnEmotional-personal feelings of the listenernLinguistic-different languages spoken nNonverbalnCompetition-ability to do other things in communication .“stumbling blocks”in ICCnAssuming more cultural similarities than there actually are.nLanguage differences are often a source of misunderstandingsnMisinterpreting each others non-verbal communication nHaving stereotypes and preconceptions about“foreignersnEvaluating what foreigners do and say before understanding what they meannHaving feelings of anxiety and stress in ICC,which may lead to inaccurate conclusions.Potential problems in ICCnAvoidance of the unfamiliarnUncertainty reduction nWithdrawalnStereotypingnPrejudicenRacismnMisuse of powernCulture shocknethnocentrism.Stereotypes hamper ICCnThey are rooted in your compulsion to make in-group and out-group distinctions.nThey are oversimplified,over-generalized or exaggerated.nThey repeat and reinforce beliefs until they often become taken for truth.Cultural shock nOberg first introduced the term.nIt is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.nFour stages normally go through:Honeymoon phaseCulture shock phaseRecovery phaseAdjustment phase.Ethnocentrism nEthnocentrists believe that their own culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect,defective,or quaint.The negative impact of ethnocentrismnIt shapes social sense of identity which is narrow and defensivenIt normally involves the perception of members of other cultures in terms of stereotypesnUsually involve invidious comparisons that ennoble ones culture while degrading those of others.