新能源renewable-energy.ppt

Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyChapter 16Core Case Study:Icelands Vision of a Renewable-Energy Economy(1)Supplies 75%of its primary energy and almost all of its electrical energy usingGeothermal energyHydroelectric powerNo fossil fuel deposits:imports oilBragi Arnason:“Dr.Hydrogen”Energy visionCore Case Study:Icelands Vision of a Renewable-Energy Economy(2)2003:Worlds first commercial hydrogen filling station20032007:three prototype fuel-cell buses2008:10 Toyota Prius test vehiclesHydrogen-fueledWhale-watching boat:partially powered by a hydrogen fuel cellThe Krafla Geothermal Power Station in Northern Iceland16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource?Concept 16-1 We could save as much as 43%of all the energy we use by improving energy efficiency.We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy(1)Energy conservationEnergy efficiency Advantages of reducing energy waste:Quick and cleanUsually the cheapest to provide more energyReduce pollution and degradationSlow global warmingIncrease economic and national security We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy(2)Four widely used devices that waste energyIncandescent light bulbMotor vehicle with an internal combustion engineNuclear power plantCoal-fired power plantPossible alternatives for the“outdated four”Flow of Commercial Energy through the U.S.EconomyFig.16-2,p.401Energy InputsSystemOutputs9%7%41%85%U.S.economy43%8%4%3%Nonrenewable fossil fuelsUseful energyNonrenewable nuclearPetrochemicalsUnavoidable energy wasteBiomassUnnecessary energy wasteHydropower,geothermal,wind,solarAdvantages of Reducing Unnecessary Energy WasteFig.16-3,p.401SOLUTIONSReducing Energy WasteProlongs fossil fuel suppliesReduces oil imports and improves energy securityVery high net energy yieldLow costReduces pollution and environmental degradationBuys time to phase in renewable energyCreates local jobsNet Energy EfficiencyHonest Energy AccountingNet energy efficiency the only energy that countsComparison of the Net Energy Efficiency for Two Types of Space HeatingFig.16-4,p.402Electricity from Nuclear Power PlantUranium processing and transportation(57%)Uranium mining(95%)Power plant(31%)Transmission of electricity(85%)Resistance heating(100%)Uranium 100%95%54%17%14%Passive SolarWindow transmission(90%)Sunlight 100%90%Waste heatWaste heatWaste heatWaste heatWaste heat14%Fig.16-4,p.402Passive SolarWindow transmission(90%)Sunlight 100%90%Waste heatElectricity from Nuclear Power PlantUranium processing and transportation(57%)Uranium mining(95%)Power plant(31%)Transmission of electricity(85%)Resistance heating(100%)Uranium 100%95%54%17%14%Waste heatWaste heatWaste heatWaste heat14%Stepped Art16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste?Concept 16-2 We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations,motor vehicles,and buildings.We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry(1)Cogeneration or combined heat and power(CHP)Replace energy-wasting electric motorsRecycling materialsSwitch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lightingWe Can Save Energy and Money in Industry(2)Electrical grid system:outdated and wastefulUtility companies promote use of energyDow Chemical Company:improvements in efficiency We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation Corporate average fuel standards(CAFE)standardsFuel economy standards lower in the U.S.than many other countriesFuel-efficient cars are on the marketHidden prices in the gasolineShould there be tax breaks for buying fuel-efficient cars,or feebate?Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the U.S.and Other CountriesFig.16-5a,p.404Fig.16-5a,p.40425Cars20Cars,trucks,and SUVsTrucks and SUVs15Average fuel economy(miles per gallon)101975198019851990199520002005YearFig.16-5b,p.404Fig.16-5b,p.4045045Europe40Japan35ChinaMiles per gallon(mpg)(converted to U.S.test equivalents)30Canada25United States202002200420062008YearFig.16-5,p.404Stepped Art25Cars20Cars,trucks,and SUVsTrucks and SUVs15Average fuel economy(miles per gallon)101975198019851990199520002005Year5045Europe40Japan35ChinaMiles per gallon(mpg)(converted to U.S.test equivalents)30Canada25United States202002200420062008YearMore Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the WaySuperefficient and ultralight carsGasoline-electric hybrid carPlug-in hybrid electric vehicleEnergy-efficient diesel carElectric vehicle with a fuel cellSolutions:A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid CarFig.16-6a,p.405Conventional hybridFuel tankBatteryInternal combustion engineTransmissionElectric motorFig.16-6b,p.405Plug-in hybridFuel tankBatteryInternal combustion engineTransmissionElectric motorFig.16-6,p.405Stepped ArtConventional hybridFuel tankBatteryInternal combustion engineTransmissionElectric motorPlug-in hybridFuel tankBatteryInternal combustion engineTransmissionElectric motorScience Focus:The Search for Better BatteriesCurrent obstaclesStorage capacityOverheatingFlammability In the futureLithium-ion batteryUltracapacitor Viral batteryUsing nanotechnologyWe Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money(1)Green architectureLiving or green roofsStraw bale housesU.S.Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money(2)Two buildings that were designed with energy in mindGeorgia Power Company in Atlanta,GA(U.S.)Ministry of Science and Technology Building in Beijing,ChinaA Green or Living Roof in Chicago,IL(U.S.)We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing Buildings(1)Insulate and plug leaksUse energy-efficient windowsStop other heating and cooling lossesHeat houses more efficiently We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing Buildings(2)Heat water more efficientlyUse energy-efficient appliancesUse energy-efficient lightingA Thermogram Showing Heat Loss Around Houses and StoresIndividuals Matter:Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You LiveFig.16-9,p.409Attic Hang reflective foil nearroof to reflect heat.Use house fan.Be sure attic insulation isat least 30 centimeters(12 inches).Bathroom Install water-saving toilets,faucets,and shower heads.Repair water leaks promptly.Kitchen Use microwave rather than stove or oven as much as possible.Run only full loads indishwasher and use low-or no-heat drying.Clean refrigerator coilsregularly.Basement or utility room Use front-loading clothes washer.If possible run only full loads with warm or cold water.Hang clothes on racks for drying.Run only full loads in clothes dryer and use lower heat setting.Set water heater at 140 if dishwasher is used and 120 or lower if no dishwasher is used.Use water heater thermal blanket.Insulate exposed hot water pipes.Regularly clean or replace furnace filters.Outside Plant deciduous trees to block summer sun and let in winter sunlight.Other rooms Use compact fluorescentlightbulbs or LEDs and avoidusing incandescent bulbswherever possible.Turn off lights,computers,TV,and other electronic deviceswhen they are not in use.Use high efficiency windows;use insulating window coversand close them at night andon sunny,hot days.Set thermostat as low as youcan in winter and as high asyou can in summer.Weather-strip and caulk doors,windows,light fixtures,andwall sockets.Keep heating and coolingvents free of obstructions.Keep fireplace damper closedwhen not in use.Use fans instead of,or alongwith,air conditioning.Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy?Energy remains artificially cheapFew large and long-lasting government incentivesWhat about the rebound effect?We Can Use Renewable Energy in Place of Nonrenewable Energy SourcesRenewable energySolar energy:direct or indirectGeothermal energyBenefits of shifting toward a variety of locally available renewable energy resourcesForms of renewable energy would be cheaper if we eliminateInequitable subsidiesInaccurate prices16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy?Concept 16-3 Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively,and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce high-temperature heat and electricity are coming down.We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar EnergyPassive solar heating systemActive solar heating system Countries using solar energy to heat waterSolutions:Passive and Active Solar Heating for a HomeFig.16-10a,p.411Fig.16-10a,p.411Vent allows hot air to escape in summerSummer sunHeavy insulationWinter sunSuperwindowSuperwindowStone floor and wall for heat storagePASSIVEFig.16-10b,p.411Fig.16-10b,p.411Solar collectorHeat to house(radiators or forced air duct)PumpHeavy insulationSuper-windowHot water tankHeat exchangerACTIVETrade-Offs:Passive or Active Solar HeatingFig.16-11,p.412TRADE-OFFSPassive or Active Solar HeatingAdvantagesDisadvantagesEnergy is freeNeed access to sun 60%of timeNet energy is moderate(active)to high(passive)Sun can be blocked by trees and other structuresQuick installationEnvironmental costs not included in market priceNo CO2 emissions Very low air and water pollutionNeed heat storage systemVery low land disturbance(built into roof or windows)Active system needs maintenance and repairHigh cost(active)Active collectors unattractiveModerate cost(passive)Rooftop Solar Hot Water on Apartment Buildings in Kunming,ChinaCase Study:The Rocky Mountain InstituteSolar Powered Office and HomeLocation:Snowmass,CO(U.S.)No conventional heating systemHeating bills:$50/yearHow is this possible?Sustainable Energy:Rocky Mountain Institute in Colorado,U.S.We Can Cool Buildings NaturallyTechnologies availableSuperinsulation and high-efficiency windowsOverhangs or awnings on windowsLight-colored roofReflective insulating foil in an atticGeothermal pumpsPlastic earth tubes undergroundWe Can Use Sunlight to Produce High-Temperature Heat and ElectricitySolar thermal systemsCentral receiver systemOther collecting systemsUnfeasible for widespread useHigh costLow new energy yieldsLimited suitable sitesSunny,desert sitesTrade-Offs:Solar Energy for High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityCommercial Solar Power Tower Plant Near Seville in Southern SpainSolutions:Woman in India Uses a Solar CookerWe Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity(1)Photovoltaic(PV)cells(solar cells)Convert solar energy to electric energy Design of solar cellsBenefits of using solar cellsSolar-cell power plantsNear Tucson,AZ(U.S.)2007:PortugalWe Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity(2)Solar-cell systems being built or planned inLeipzig,GermanySouth KoreaSouth California(U.S.)ChinaWe Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity(3)Key problemHigh cost of producing electricityWill the cost drop withMass production New designsNanotechnologySolutions:Solar Cells Can Provide Electricity Using Solar-Cell Roof ShinglesFig.16-17a,p.415Fig.16-17a,p.415Single solar cellBoron-enriched siliconJunctionPhosphorus-enriched siliconRoof optionsSolar shinglesPanels of solar cellsSolutions:Solar Cells Used to Provide Electricity for a Remote Village in NigerTotal Costs of Electricity from Different Sources in 2004The Solar Power Industry Is Expanding RapidlySolar cells:0.2%of the worlds electricity2040:could solar cells produce 16%?Nanosolar:California(U.S.)Germany:huge investment in solar cell technologyGeneral Electric:entered the solar cell marketSolar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona,U.S.,Is the Largest Solar-Cell Power PlantTrade-Offs:Solar Cells,Advantages and DisadvantagesFig.16-20,p.417TRADE-OFFSSolar CellsAdvantagesDisadvantagesFairly high net energy yieldNeed access to sunWork on cloudy daysLow efficiencyEasily expanded or movedNeed electricity storage system or backupQuick installationEnvironmental costs not included in market priceNo CO2 emissionsLow environmental impactHigh costs(but should be competitive in 515 years)Low land use(if on roof or built into walls or windows)High land use(solar-cell power plants)could disrupt desert areasLast 2040 yearsReduces dependence on fossil fuelsDC current must be converted to AC16-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from the Water Cycle Concept 16-4 Water flowing over dams,tidal flows,and ocean waves can be used to generate electricity,but environmental concerns and limited availability of suitable sites may limit the use of these energy resources.We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water HydropowerWorlds leading renewable energy source used to produce electricityHydroelectric power:IcelandAdvantagesDisadvantages Micro-hydropower generatorsTrade-Offs:Large-Scale Hydropower,Advantages and DisadvantagesFig.16-21,p.418TRADE-OFFSLarge-Scale HydropowerAdvantagesDisadvantagesModerate to high net energyHigh construction costsHigh efficiency(80%)High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoirLarge untapped potentialEnvironmental costs not included in market priceLow-cost electricityLong life spanHigh CO2 emissions from rapid biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirsNo CO2 emissions during operation in temperate areasDanger of collapseCan provide flood control below damUproots peopleDecreases fish harvest below damProvides irrigation waterDecreases flow of natural fertilizer(silt)to land below damReservoir useful for fishing and recreationTides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity(1)Produce electricity from flowing waterOcean tides and wavesSo far,power systems are limited NorwayNew York CityTides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity(2)DisadvantagesFew suitable sitesHigh costsEquipment damaged by storms and corrosion16-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from Wind Concept 16-5 When environmental costs of energy resources are included in market prices,wind energy is the least expensive and least polluting way to produce electricity.Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability(1)Wind:indirect form of solar energyCaptured by turbinesConverted into electrical energySecond fastest-growing source of energyWhat is the global potential for wind energy?Wind farms:on land and offshoreUsing Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability(2)“Saudi Arabia of wind power”North DakotaSouth DakotaKansasTexasHow much electricity is possible with wind farms in those states?Solutions:Wind Turbine and Wind Farms on Land and OffshoreFig.16-22a,p.420Fig.16-22a,p.420GearboxElectrical generatorPower cableWind turbineFig.16-22b,p.420Fig.16-22b,p.420Wind farmFig.16-22c,p.420Fig.16-22c,p.420Wind farm(offshore)Producing Electricity from Wind Energy Is a Rapidly Growing Global IndustryCountries with the highest total installed wind power capacityGermanyUnited StatesSpainIndiaDenmarkInstallation is increasing in several other countriesWind Energy Is Booming but Still Faces ChallengesAdvantages of wind energyDrawbacksWindy areas may be sparsely populatedWinds die down;need back-up energyStorage of wind energyKills migratory birds“Not in my backyard”Trade-Offs:Wind Power,Advantages and DisadvantagesFig.16-23,p.421TRADE-OFFSWind PowerAdvantagesDisadvantagesModerate to high net energy yieldSteady