TPO1-26综合写作阅读 听力 范文.pdf

TPOTPOTPOTPO 01010101阅读材料：阅读材料：In the United States, employees typically work five daysaweek for eight hours each day.However, many employees want to workafour-day week and are willing to accept less pay inorder to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option ofworkingafour-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit theeconomy asawhole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to takethe option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。然而，很多职员希望能够改为四天工作制， 如果能够满足需要可以接受薪水降低。 要求企业提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供员工选择对于国家整个经济都是有好处的， 同时获益的还有个人， 以及执行这个政策的公司。The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel morerested and alert, and asaresult, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring morestaff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additionalpayroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In theend, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money,which would increase company profits.减少工作日会提高公司的利润， 因为员工们会感到很轻松和精神， 这样他们就会在工作中较少犯那些可能会带来损失的错误。 为了完成同样的工作量将需要雇佣更多的人手， 但是这不意味着需要支付更多的薪水，这是因为四天工作日只需支付给每个员工 80%的工资。这样，公司花同样的钱，员工这会过于劳累和失误连连了，这样将会提高公司的利润。For the country asawhole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is thatit would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours,some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees whowent on an 80 percent week,anew employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.对于国家整体来说， 给职员提供这样的选择选择的好处就是可以降低失业率。 如果原来全职工作的人缩短了工作时间之后，他们的部分工作就需要转给其他的员工。这样，如果每个员工每周都只工作 80%的时间，这样就可以以同样的工作时间来雇佣新员工了。Finally, the option ofafour-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employeeswho could affordalower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of theirlives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisureactivities.最后， 这种四天工作日的选择对于员工个人来说也是有利的。 那些可以接受用降低薪水来增加休息时间的员工可以提高他们的生活质量， 因为他们有更多的时间陪家人、 追求自己的兴趣、以及享受一些休闲生活。阅读部分需要提取的观点是：-Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option ofworkingafour-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit theeconomy asawhole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to takethe option.-Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits.-Sub point 2: the country asawhole will benefits.-Sub point 3: the option ofafour-day workweek would be better for individual employees.观点抽出方法：-这篇文章没有在观点抽取的时候为我们设置障碍，Main point 就乖乖地出现在首段段尾，sub points 都是在段首出现的。 但是需要提醒的是千万不要把 support 和 detail 作为 point 提取出来。在独立写作的时候，大家常犯的一个错误就是把 support 和 detail 作为 point 放在段首，在阅读部分也还是难以压抑对 support 和 detail 的重视。在提取 point 的时候不要把细节搅和进来。比如就不能说第一个 sub point 是员工效率更高；第二个 sub point 是可以降低失业率，第三个 sub point 是可以提高生活质量。如果用细节当 point，就会在听力部分发现点对点对不上了，因为不是所有题目都是会反驳阅读部分的细节的。即便是，你貌似对上了，但是逻辑层面不对还是错的。所以，真正的理解 point 的含义是非常重要的，point 的是观点，不提炼出来的态度，而不应该是一些起支撑作用的细节。-我们自查 sub point 的方法就是它是否是支持 main point。 有的时候 sub point 是 main point的一部分，这段就是一个典型，有的时候 sub point 从不同方面支持 main point。但是如果抓到的是细节，那么就没有这样直接的逻辑关系，则不可用。这样的视角也可以用在独立写作的自查上，看看自己找的 sub point 到底对不对。在听力部分， 我们可以预测到的就是这个四天工作制是没有哪个方面可以从中获益的， 在听的时候我们一定要注意那些表原因的词汇，这样我们才能找到重点。Offering employees the option ofafour-day workweek wont affect the company profits,economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.给雇员提供四天工作日的选择不会像阅读部分上所说的对企业、 经济状况和雇员个人的生活带来积极的影响的。First, offeringafour-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possiblyalotmore. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medicalbenefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employeeworks four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and morecomputers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.首先，采用四小时工作制可能会对导致企业支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的员工以为这要再员工培训和医疗保险上花费更多的钱。别忘了，无论是四天工作制还是五天工作制， 每个人在诸如保健福利金方面的花费是一样的。 而新增的员工统一也需要更多的工位和更多的电脑。这些额外的支出很快就会影响到公司的利润。Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesnt follow that once some employees chooseafour-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as Iarguedamoment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask theiremployees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raiseexpectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount ofwork they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created andcurrent jobs will become more unpleasant.第二，至于整个社会的就业问题，也不是像阅读部分所说的，只要有雇员选择四天工作制，就会创造更多的就业机会。鉴于我刚才说的，雇佣新员工花费颇多，很多公司都另作选择了。 他们可能就是要求他们的员工加班已完成任务差额。 甚至公司可能会提高它们对员工效率的预期。它们可能会要求改成四天工作制的员工完成过去他们五天完成的任务。如果这样，不但没有新的工作机会，而且现有的工作也变得不那么令人愉快了。Finally, whileafour-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personallives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Workingashorterweek can decrease employeesjob stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers.Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. Theymay also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-dayemployees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision forthe entire workweek.最后， 虽然四天工作日给员工更多的空闲时间去安排他们的私人生活， 但是他们也会冒有一定风险， 这些风险甚至可能会降低他们的生活质量。 时间较短的工作制将会降低雇员工作的稳定性，同时阻碍他们事业的发展。在面临经济危机的时候，选择四天工作制的员工将会首当其冲地被裁掉。 同时由于公司更倾向于把管理岗给那些五天工作的员工， 这样四天工作制的员工将会错失进行集会。 企业正阳的考虑是为了保证在整个工作周期中都有持续的管理覆盖和持续的监督机制。词汇补充：阅读部分表达方法：passage, material听力部分表达方法：lecture, the professors says同意:say,argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon, consider,opinion, proposition,反对：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, holdatotally different view, oppose,be against.TIP：在行文过程中，需要变化的是表示同意或者反对的功能性词汇，而表示阅读部分和听力部分的指代型词汇请不要变化。就像你跟人介绍我，不能在整个过程中说沐浴、沐沐、 达芙妮、muyuruc，这样会让听者或者读者摸不到头绪的，我们语言多样性的表达要用在需要的地方。文章结构：第一段：要表达的内容有：passage 部分的主观点，lecture 部分的主观点，以及两者之间的关系。第二段：passage 部分的 sub point 1，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相对应的support 和 details。第三段：passage 部分的 sub point 2，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相对应的support 和 details。第四段：passage 部分的 sub point 3，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相对应的support 和 details。TIP：没有必要在文章中出现 passage 部分的 support 和 details，或者说不能出现。例文（仅供参考）The passage argues that four-day work week will benefit companies, the whole economy, andindividuals. But in the lecture, the professor holdsatotally different view that no one will bebeneficial from the new work week.Firstly, the passage says that companies will get more profits for employees can work moreeffectively. However, the lecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. Thatis because companies have to spend more money on training, medical benefits, office positions,even new computers.Secondly, the passage claims that the whole economy will benefit, for the four-day workweek isaway to reduce unemployment rates. The lecture refutes the idea completely. Admittedly, there aremore available jobs, but companies will prefer to let employees work overtime to finish them forhiring new staff is too expensive. In addition, the companies may lift their expectation that stafffinish five-day jobs within four-day.Thirdly, the passage suggests that individual employees can benefit from it. Though the four-dayworkweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues against the passage.Comparing to five-day workers, the four-day workweek employees may be the first one to be fireduring economic depression. And they will have less chance to promotion because companieswish that managers could be on duty every work day.TPOTPOTPOTPO 02020202阅读材料：In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assembleagroup of people intoateam. Havingateam of people attackaproject offers several advantages.在很多机构里， 恰当完成一个新项目的最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队。 一个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势。First of all,agroup of people hasawider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any singleindividual is likely to possess.Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greaterresources they possess,agroup can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it andcan come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛的知识、技能以及技巧。同时，因为有更多数量人员的介入和更多资源的占有，团队工作可以以更快的速度对任务作出反应。 同时，也能创造性地解决遇到的问题和争议。Sometimes these creative solutions come about becauseagroup is more likely to make riskydecisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibilityforadecision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if thedecision turns out to be wrong.由于在团队工作中个体无需承担风险， 所以会倾向于作出冒险的决定。 这就导致了团队工作有时候可以创造性地解决问题。 这是因为团队把团队决策的责任分摊给所有的成员了， 这样的话，即使决策最后证明是错的，也不会有任何个体需要对此负责。Taking part inagroup process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team memberswho haveavoice in makingadecision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that isentailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also, theindividual team member hasamuch better chance to“shine”, to get his or her contributions andideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, becauseateams overall resultscan be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possiblefor the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.加入一个团队对于个体成员来说是一个非常荣耀的。对于那些能够影响决策的成员来说， 毫无疑问，他们在团队行为中得来的决策快感要优于他们被动地接受别人指派任务时候的感受。同时，团队中的个人有更多“闪耀”的机会，这些机会的实现是由于他们对团队的贡献不但被认可， 而且是高度低认可。 这种高度的认可是因为团队的成就和影响力是要要高于个体。团队可以实现个体所不完成的任务，达到个体所不能达到的高度。阅读部分需要抽取的观点是：-Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assembleagroupof people intoateam.-Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it-Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.-Sub point 3: Taking part inagroup process can be very rewarding for members of theteam.观点抽出方法：-Main point: 主观点抽取的时候，有些同学喜欢凭感觉。可是如果感觉可靠的话，就没有那么多人失恋了。感觉是靠不住的，我们要找到根据。这篇文章的主观点算是比较好找的。 阅读部分从题材上是 essay，这个跟我们独立写作的作文是一致的。对于独立写作我们对开头段的要求是什么呢？那就是一个简短的 drawer 加上一个清晰的 main point。同时如果时间不允许， 那么开头直接说观点也是可以的， 这篇文章呢， 就是开门见山的说出了观点： perhapsthe best way to approach certain new projects is to assembleagroup of people into ateam。 而后面的一句话是过渡句，是预告下文的。也就是说，我将在团队工作的优势方面来支持我的主观点。我们在独立写作的时候，也可以把 sub point 整理之后提前到开头段，因为开头段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。-Sub point 1: 简单的 main point 找到之后，大家就在第一个 sub point 上面折戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句。是呀，我们都说 TS 前置的呀！ ！ ！但是这是考题呀，就是考我们怎么抽出观点的。同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把 TS 前置是多么讨厌的事情呀。我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为我们是弱势群体。那么，这个 subpoint 是怎么找出来的呢？显然不是凭感觉的。 我们先厘清一下一个概念， 就是一段里面 subpoint 和下面的 support 内容是什么关系呢？唉， 是解释的关系。 Support 是解释 sub point 的，是支持 sub point 的。因此，所有表原因的部分，都不会是 point，而会是 support 和 details。因此“because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources theypossess”这句就华丽丽的不会是观点。而跟着它的那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但目前还不能这么草率的确定。我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“also”。这个词，直译过来就是“也”。如果这样一句话：“, 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上的内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行的，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成“我们去吃饭”的原因。所以 also 之前的内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点。好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个 sub point，然后回过头来这这一段结尾的那个句子。-Sub point 2: 这个 TS 就好找多了，开头第一句嘛。但是这样就可以了吗？显然不行，我们这样的判断方法是没有普适性的， 下一次不放在第一句怎么办？好吧， 我们找一个很伟大的词：because。这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个 because 不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作的时候都先把 because 念一遍，就找到了。紧接着的这句就更和谐了，“This is because”开头了。那么这句也是表原因啦。里面有个词，thus 可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这不是因此吗？这不是于是吗？但是在 thus 前面还有一个神一样的词，是 and，好吧，这 and 表示的时候前后的东东是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。这个 thus 的存在表示后面这个原因，其实是 and 前面的这个原因衍生出来的，然后共同充当 sub point 的原因。好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话的主句了，就是 creative solution 了。这时候，我们再回过头看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了 creative solution 了，但同时也看到了 and。And 前后的东西是并列的，那么 creative solution 是一个 sub point，则 and 前面的句子也是 sub point 的，验证了我们前边的推论。至于这里提到的 creative solution 是对下面的预告。我们总是就接用linkingword 是用 fist 好还是 first and foremost 好，但是很多时候，地道的表达会用句子来做 linking。-Sub point 3: 这段的观点也是出现在了开头，rewarding。好了，我们再也不要用感觉去判断了。我们找到一个叫 also 的词，它会告诉我们前后的两句是同等地位的，鉴于每段之后一个 point，那么这两句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我们好像也没有更好的选择了。可能有的同学会找到 because，然后认为 because 前面的那半句是 point。但是，因为 also 的存在粉碎了这样的观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论证的过程中，因果是可以不止一层的， 很可能是 ABCD 的过程。我们不能 because A，B 就误认为 B 是 point。其实独立写作和综合写作时互通的， 在独立写作中学到的论证方法可以帮住我们阅读， 而阅读中学到的表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立写作之中。 现在观点找到了， 我们开始简单猜一猜听力部分的分论点吧。这个嘛，不会太精确，但是可以给我们指出一个大概分方向。说阅读部分有多重要，可能需要重新开一篇文章了，但是我们先记住它主要就好了。三个 sub point 分别是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。那么反驳的时候，就是不 quickly、不 creative solution 和不 rewarding。第一个和第三个是没有问题的，但是对于 creative 和 solution 的反驳却有三个角度，一个是不 creative，一个是不 solution，一个是两个都反驳。就这篇文章的听力部分来说，是既反驳的 creative，又反驳了 solution。如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点的。很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独的听力部分测试。但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别的，听力测试是有题目和选项的，更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听。但是综合写作却考的是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出support。有的学生说听懂之后，我让他来复述，都会漏掉很多的细节，因为听的时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些都是不可取的。这部分应该和文章阅读一起单独跟大家说一说。下面我们来看这篇文章的听力部分吧。Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn oversome of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning theprojects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company tookalook at how wellthe teams performed.现在我要给大家讲讲在一个公司考虑以团队工作的形式进行项目时候的发现吧。 这几个项目是以团队的形式负责和完成的。六个月之后，公司来验收项目进行的如何。On virtually every team, some members got almosta “free ride” . . . they didnt contribute much atall, but if their team didagood job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got.And what about group members who worked especially well and who providedalot of insight onproblems and issues? Well . . . the recognition forajob well done went to the group asawhole, nonames were named. So it wont surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were askedhow they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the readingpredicts.实际上，在每个团队都会有一些成员选择“搭便车”。这些成员并没有对团队的工作有任何贡献，但是如果整个团队很好地完成了任务，他们也会从团队所获得的认可中获利。那么对于那些在团队中努力工作， 为团队所面临的问题和正义提供很多简介的人呢？没有人知道他们的名字。 当这些真正的贡献者被问及团队工作的感受是， 他们的态度则是和阅读部分所预计的相反的。你应该不会对这样的态度感到意外的。Another finding was that some projects just didnt move very quickly. Why? Because it took solong to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among groupmembers about how they would move the project along.另一个发现就是， 一些项目进行的速度不是很快。 为什么呢？这是因为团队需要很长的时间达成一致意见，他们需要开很多会才能在成员之间对于如何进行项目达成共识。On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become veryinfluential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said“That will neverwork” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of beingfurther discussed.And then there was another occasion whenacouple influencers convincedthe group thataplan of theirs was“highly creative.”And even though some members tried towarn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they werebasically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the end