初中英语完形解题技巧.doc

初中英语完形填空解题技巧 完形填空一直是考试中学生失分较多的题型，是对学生综合知识掌握情况的检测，主要测试学生在具体语言环境中对文章的篇章结构、中心思想、推理判断、词语辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配等方面的能力要求，及对所学英语的综合运用能力、快速阅读理解能力及逻辑推理判断能力等的考察。完形填空设空以实词为主、虚词为辅，单词为主、短语为辅。动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词等实词通常要占全部小题数的80%以上，而介词、连词、冠词等虚词则相对考得较少。 首先明确解题的步骤：一： 解题步骤 跳读全文，掌握大意。（首句和尾句） 瞻前顾后，灵活答题。（运用各种策略） 复读全文，核实答案。 A:词汇、语法、惯用法是否合理？B:句型结构是否完整，搭配是否有误？C:句子是否流畅？D:上下行文、前后逻辑关系是否一致？F:全文是否紧凑，中心突出，浑然一体？二：解题策略（5个方面着手）1：词义辨析例如：When the teacher came into the classroom，our monitor spoke in a loud _，“Stand up!”A. sound B. cry C. voice D. shout此题中四个词都为声音的意思 但具体的用法不一样，此处就指的是一个声音，泛指声音所以选A Many people think that more time is spent, more work will be done. So students have to _36_ the whole day doing homework except during the three meals. ( )36. A. buy B. get C. spend D. take2：各种词语搭配（形容词与名词搭配；副词与动 词搭 配；介词短语搭配；动词短语搭配；固定短语等）。注意：要区别外形相近而意义不同的搭配。如：look for, look over, look out, look after, look up等: 因词组而构成的常见的句式：It feels+形容词+不定式。 要区别形不相似而意义相近的搭配。如：I paid 12 pounds for the dictionary. The book cost me a lot. It took three men to lift the box.句中都有“付出、花费、需要”的意思。译成汉语时似乎相通。但更要注意它们之间的搭配变化；要注意单个词组的多义性。如：take off有“脱下(衣服)，(飞机)起飞，匆匆离开，取下，休假等多种含意。1) Heres a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himselfso much money.A. for B. by C. to D. of表示“自取，随便拿”这个意义的短语是help oneself to故答案为C 2)And video cameras can be used topeoples actions at home.A. keep B. make C. record D. watch句中动作的发出者是video cameras因此答案是C，意思是“记录”。3.语法判定（考察语法知识点） (1)要注意出现频率较高的词类题，依次为动词、介词、代词、连词、形容词、副词。选择各类词时，要注意以下几个方面：a.名词的选择，应联系文章主题及空格前后出现的有关词，注意其性和数的一致。b.动词的选用，要注意词义和惯用搭配，还要区分近义词之间的用法差异及所给词的形式。c.选择介词，应注意其惯用法，特别是与动词或其他词组成的固定搭配。d.选择代词，要注意性、数、格是否准确。e.选择连词，要注意分析前后句或上下文的逻辑关系。f.选择形容词和副词，要注意词义的区别，用于比较时，还要注意词形变化。(2)要注意句法题，搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装a.句子的种类包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。一般以考查疑问句、感叹句的词序为多见，其次是祈使句的零时态等。b.句子的类型有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。中考考查要点是在复合句里的状语从句、宾语从句和直接/间接引语，也考查简单的定语从句。c.句子的省略与倒装很少考查，却要看懂，不能引起对文章的曲解。 (3)在语法适用方面，可以用择优法和排除法a.择优法是把各选项代入短文中，选出在词义上符合要求，且在语法上又没有语病的答案。b.排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对，或词与词搭配不妥，或存在语法错误，或与上下文有矛盾，则迅速排除不合适的选项，剩下的就是正确答案。4. 上下文逻辑关系一般的解题过程是：（1）.通读全文，掌握大意。结合选项初步弄清短文写了些什么内容。（2）.瞻前顾后，分析先行。在理解全文意思的基础上，结合文章内容对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。必须弄清空缺词句的确切含义，空缺词句与其前后句的意义衔接必须自然、合理，不可出现意义断层或说东道西的情况，必须从空缺句的内部结构入手，从语法、词语固定搭配、词形变化等角度考虑，务必使所填的单词准确无误。提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：1) Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous根据转折连词but的提示，所填入的词应与shallow相反，因此答案为A。2) Mrs ONeill askedquestions and she didnt scold us either.A. no B. certain C. many D. moreand是一个并列连词；either为副词，用在否定句或否定词后加强语势，由此可以确定所填的词也应是一个否定意义的词，因此答案是A。3）It has been many years since I was last in London I still remember something that happened during that visit. A. and B. for C. but D. as根据句前的many years和句后的still remember答案应选表示转折的连词but.（3）.反复推敲，攻克难关。如果做不出来的话，可能要改变一下思路。如实词多与文章的内容直接相关，虚词多与文章的连贯性或句子结构直接相关，如果从内容上实在看不出要填哪个单词的话，应考虑是否需要填介词、连词等。eg: 1. Li Bin is _ at Chinese. But he isnt good at EnglishA. well B. fine C. nice D.good 2. dont like tomatoes，but he _. He doesnt like salad， _ do. My father _ broccoli， but my _ doesntA. do B. does C. like D.likesA. but B. and C. or D.forA.likes B.have C. like D.does A. friendl B. sister C. mother D.uncle4：文化背景以及生活常识（历史、地理、社会习俗、民族风情等） (Immediately) the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to thehospital.A. animal B. biggest C. plant D. nearest在这样的紧急情况下，人们的第一个反应是到最近的医院就医，因此答案为D。5：验证答案，修正错误，着重注意这几点：文章是否顺畅；所填单词是否是最佳单词；所填单词是否有拼写错误。1.所选的单词或短语是否符合本句内容，是否使上下文连贯和谐，是否与全文意思一致。充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有可能是同义词或反义词。(1) Many old people dont have good _. They cant watch TV, but they can listen to music or news over the radio.A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. time(2) Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very, very_.A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous2.所选的单词或短语是否符合某种固定搭配。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。Washington was named _ George Washington, the first president of the United States. A. by B. for C. as D. after(3).所选的单词或短语是否符合某种句型、时态、语态的特殊要求。(4).所选词本身或附近词有无特殊要求，如有些动词后面只接动名词而不能接不定式等。三：解题误区做完形填空时，除了依据所学语言知识和解题技巧外，还应避免几个误区。 1、单纯求快，忽略语篇理解，只看局部的词义辨析、搭配和语法结构，试图用语言知识解决所有问题。很多考生一拿到完形填空题就急于选择答案，不认真分析通篇文章。表面上解题速度挺快，但是这种见树不见林的做法只会影响解题的质量的效率。2、时间安排不当，在几个选项上过分纠缠，追求完美，导致许多本可以做出的题来不及做。正确的做法是由易到难，先做会做的，再考虑不太明白 的。四：复习建议1：熟悉语法，培养“完整的句子意识”。2. 坚持在阅读的基础上锻炼语篇意识和把握整体文段的能力。3. 关注生活，注意中西文化的差异。4. 科学选材，有效训练。体裁多样，题材丰富，语言生动地道，具有一定的教育性和趣味性。篇幅长度适中，布空合理，各考点均衡分布。课堂练习：(1)利用上下文语境选择。 leaf then large learn ones grow thick has mean first easy begin Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy. Theyre in sections, so it is _ to eat them. Some oranges do not have any seeds. Some have a _ skin, and some have a thin skin. (2) 根据文化背景和常识选择。leaf then large learn ones growthick has mean first easy begin In English, orange _ both a fruit and a color. We use the name of the fruit for the color.(3) 单词辨义和固定搭配。It costs 3.70 for adults, 2 for children and _43_ for over sixties and school groups. ( )43. A. little B. few C. less D. fewer(4) 句子结构和逻辑推理。 Scientists also 48 that loud, fast music makes people eat faster. In fact, people 49 their food faster when the music gets faster. Some restaurants play fast music during their 50 hours. This gets people to eat faster and leave quickly. Restaurants 51 make spend even less. ( )48. A. think B. hopeC. realizeD. believe( )49. A. cook B. orderC. eatD. make( )50. A. free B. busyC. happyD. sad( )51. A. can B. shouldC. cant D. neednt(5) 根据句子所缺成分选择。play activity favorite also and stoplife example happen but new makeFor example, learning can_59_ when you go to a museum. It can _60._ happen when you get a job. You learn when you _61._ a sport or when you take a trip. （6）根据上下文语境（07河北卷）How can you think in English? I think the best way is to practice as what a football player does every day. During the _46_ the football player will pass the ball to his teammates over and over again. So he wont have to _47_ passing the ball in the game, he will just do it. ( )46. A. practice B. break C. game D. day( )47. A. wait for B. think about C. look at D. give up（7）根据文化背景和常识 （08武汉卷）I dug a deep hole next to the rock and I dug a small incline （斜坡） up to the rock and the rock 63 down into the hole by itself. ( )63. A. lay B. dropped C. walked D. ran（8）根据单词词义和固定搭配08无锡卷）But that winter the cold weather killed all the worms because he had not 38 them in a warm place. ( )38. A. caught B. found C. hidden D. put（9）根据句子结构和逻辑推理_47 you are in a group of six or more people, we 48 give you a special guided tour of the centre. But you 49 to arrange(安排)this at the information desk when you 50 . ( )47.A.When B. If C. Because D. Until ( )48.A. can B. must C. should D. have to ( )49.A.decide B. like C. hope D. need( )50.A.return B. arrive C. leave D. travel（10）根据上下文语境（08无锡卷） He bought more worms, which he took good care of. When winter came, he took them inside 40 they would stay warm. Many people bought his worms. ( )40. A. before B. until C. though D. so（11）根据文化背景和常识（07广西南宁卷）The students had a look at their workbooks and their _35_ turned red at once.( )35. A. faces B. noses C. necks D. hands（12）根据词义与固定搭配（08沈阳卷） Im becoming more and more interested _25_ physics, and have decided that I want to _26_ it at university. Im going to try to go to _27_ Montreal or Ottawa University, as both _28_ supposed to have good Physics Departments. ( )25. A. in B. with C. at D. from( )26. A. make B. discover C. study D. keep( )27. A. neither B. either C. both D. only( )28. A. have B. has C. are D. is（13）根据句子逻辑（08安徽卷） Why do people shake hands _54_ shaking feet? This is because of the fact that a long time ago most people _55_ knives or guns. If some of them decided that they did not want to _56_, they would show their empty hands. _57_ people shook hands so that they could not _58_ knives in their sleeves(袖子). Later on, hand-shaking became a symbol of _59_. ( )54. A. such as B. as well as C. instead of D. together with( )55. A. lost B. bought C. caught D. carried( )56. A. cheat B. fight C. drop D. speak( )57. A. Perhaps B. Happily C. Carefully D. Luckily( )58. A. hide B. lift C. pull D. push( )59. A. success B. victory C. pride D. peace【例题解析】 1完形填空：阅读下面短文，选出最佳答案： “Ring ring” the telephone suddenly rang. Sam got up to 1 the call. It was his aunt. “Sam, 2 are you still at home?” she asked surprisingly. Sam 1ooked at the clock. It was already 7:30 a. m. “Oh, my goodness! Theres an important 3 today,” Sam shouted out. He hurried to wash his face and get 4 . When he was going to leave the house, he 5 that he had not put away his books. He ran quickly to the 6 and put them into the bag. He then went to the bus stop to go to school as 7 as he could. When he got into the classroom, his classmates were 8 writing. “Why are you so 9 ?” asked the teacher . “Im sorry, sir,” Sam answered, afraid of looking 10 . “It was my clock. It 11 to wake me up this morning and .” “Dont say anything about it,” his teacher 12 him. “Dont try to come late next time!” Sam said yes and walked to his 13 quickly. But when he tried to do the paper, he could not 14 in a right way. He put his head on the desk and said, “What a 15 day it has been for me!” 1. A. find B. give C. put D. answer 2. A. why B. how C. when D. where 3. A. talk B. party C. exam D. meeting 4. A. tired B. lost C. dressed D. rested 5. A. forgot B. remembered C. understood D. thought 6. A. classroom B. desk C. bus D. door 7. A. carefully B. quietly C. early D. fast 8. A. worried B. free C. busy D. careful 9. A. 1ate B. ill C. lonely D. ready 10. A. down B. up C. out D. back 11. A. happened B. stopped C. failed D. pointed 12. A. helped B. knew C. followed D. stopped 13. A. room B. table C. seat D. teacher 14. A. think B. sit C. turn D. speak 15. A. short B. bad C. happy D. usual 分析： 这是一篇关于一个学生考试迟到的事。短文一开始就是电话铃声，Sam应该起来接电话，所以第l空中应选D，这四个动词中只有answer能表示“接电话”这个含义。第2空中要选择一个副词，句中已含有still at home等状语，故不能选择when，where, how表示方式，如用在本句中则句意不通，所以选A。第3空，从后文知，Sam是到学校去，故应选C。对于学生来说，exam是学生最可能要做的事，并且后文说到其他学生在writing。第4空，get dressed意为“穿衣服”，要注意这个短语的完整性。第5空，从前一句中的动词leave以及后文中的一系列动作可知，本空中应填remembered才符合逻辑，其他词不能使文章通顺。第6空要注意分析备选项的意义；从后文he had not put away his books可知选B最合适，因书应该是放在课桌上。第7空中应填fast，因Sam 要迟到了。第8空中要注意在形容词后接writing，故选busy。第9空，从上文知，Sam 已经迟到了，故老师应问他迟到的原因，选A。第10空表明Sam的态度，他害怕抬头看老师，故选up。第11空，Sam所陈述的理由是闹钟未响，故填failed。第12空，从上文Sam的话没说完知道这时老师打断了他的话，故选stopped。第13空，Sam 在教室里走去的当然是seat。第14空，本空说明Sam 思维混乱，不能思考，选A。第15空，综合上文可知Sam 感到这一天太糟糕，故选B 。 3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错 C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。XD当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本 中。D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。()G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错G工资费用就是成本项目。()G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。()J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。()J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对 J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，XK可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。 S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。 S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。()W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对 Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。XY以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。XY原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。()Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。XZ逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)8