TPO小站1对1辅导学员专用内部资料（阅读长难句）.pdf

tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料TPO 小站小站 1 对对 1 辅导学员专用内部资料（阅读长难句）辅导学员专用内部资料（阅读长难句）读者学习指导：读者学习指导：大原则：以实战的要求为目的。难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑但体中，因此，对难句子得攻克变得相当重要。 原则一：迅速读懂原则二：利用语法、不靠语法在考场上，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。原则三：学练结合，以连为主训练的类别：1、难句阅读训练；2、阅读理解力训练；即“懂”3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速” 。对于阅读习惯的培养相当重要，阅读过程中绝对不可以出声浪读，也不可以心读，而是意读，也不能单单得对一个词进行死抠，要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。为此，建议如下： 要点一：在难巨资进行的阅读和训练中，只以在大脑中反映出所读英文的意思（不是中文释意） 为唯一目的。 什么时候读者发现自己完全消除了在阅读过程中的在大脑中的中文释意和语法分析过程，此要求即达到四种训练方式：a、意群训练；、意群训练；b、不回视训练；、不回视训练；c、合理化原则推力训练；、合理化原则推力训练；d、速度与理解力的平衡点训练、速度与理解力的平衡点训练a、 意群训练：以几个相邻的表示同类意思的词为阅读的对象，而不是单个的单词。同时避免发声阅读，克服内心的声音和喉头与嘴唇的颤动。要点二：眼睛在阅读材料上移动的速度要比自己在心中或喉头出生阅读的速度要快b、 不回视训练：保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力，避免回视要点三：在阅读文章时，都要注意整句的回视现象，坚持一遍就都下来c、 合理化训练：根据文章中得上下文的逻辑推理，将不懂得地方进行合理推理。要点四：凡遇到不懂得地方，就用合理化推理进行推理d、 速度与理解力的平衡点训练：推出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点；二、在阅读中根据所读的内容的难度和重要性程度，调整自己的现场阅读速度要点五：贵在坚持，不可半途而废。1.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage：Streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemtoandwaterdrivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.2.Earlyinthecentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapiston(活塞)inacylinder(汽缸)，andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum3.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwasintroducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforwardtherebyincreasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.tpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站1tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料4. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century,welltodoLondonersgrowaccustomedtogaslightshousesandevenstreets. 5.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoalalsobenefitedfromeverincreasingsuppliesofcoal;blastfurnaceswithsteampoweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery6.Atthesametime,operatorsofthefirstprintingpressesrunbysteamratherthanbyhandfounditpossibletoproduceathousandpagesinanhourratherthanthirty7.Insomeindustrialregions,heavilyladenwagons，withflangedwheels，werebeinghauledbyhorsesalongmetalrails;andthestationarysteamenginewaspuffinginthefactoryandmine.8. Another generation passed before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients byputtingtheengineonwheelsandthewheelsontherails,soastoprovideamachinetotaketheplaceofthehorse. 9.WhenhegrewolderWilliamSmithtaughthimselfsurveyingfrombooksheboughtwithhissmallsavingsandattheageofeighteenhewasapprenticedtoasurveyorofthelocalparish. 10.Thecompaniesbuildingthecanalstotransportcoalneededsurveyorstohelpthemfindthecoaldepositsworthminingaswellastodeterminethebestcoursesforthecanals. 11. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the whilestudyingthenewlyrevealedstrataandcollectingallthefossilshecouldfind12.Butasmoreandmoreaccumulationsofstratawerecatalogedinmoreandmoreplaces,itbecameclearthatthesequencesofrockssometimesdifferedfromregiontoregionandthatnorocktypewasevergoingtobecomeareliabletimemarkerthroughouttheworld. 13. QuartzisquartzasiliconionsurroundedbyfouroxygenionstheresnodifferenceatallbetweentwomillionyearoldPleistocenequartzandCambrianquartzcreatedover500millionyearsago14. AshecollectedfossilsfromstratathroughoutEngland,Smithbegantoseethatthefossilstoldadifferentstoryfromtherocksparticularlyintheyoungerstratatherockswereoftensosimilarthathehadtroubledistinguishingthestrata,butheneverhadtroubletellingthefossilsapart. 15. Whilerockbetweentwoconsistentstratamightinoneplacebeshaleandinsandstone,thefossilsinthatshaleorsandstonewerealwaysthesame. 16. Somefossilsenduredthroughsomanymillionsofyearsthattheyappearinmanystrata,tpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站2tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料butothersoccuronlyinafewstrata,andafewspecieshadtheirbirthsandextinctionswithinoneparticularstratum. 17. Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEnglandsearthintorelativetemporalsequence. 18. LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor300millionyearslaterintheJurassicstratabutatrilobitetheubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrianwillneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.19. Thesheerpassageoftimedoesnotaccountforit;adultshaveexcellentrecognitionofpicturesofpeoplewhoattendedhighschoolwiththem35yearsearlier. 20. Childrentwoandahalftothreeyearsoldrememberexperiencesthatoccurredintheirfirstyear,andelevenmontholderthanthemcanremembersomeeventsayearlater. 21. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression or holding back ofsexuallychargedepisodesexplainthephenomenon.22. Maturationofthefrontallobesofthebraincontinuesthroughoutearlychildhood,andthispart of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can beretrievedlater. 23. Consistentwiththisviewparentsandchildrenincreasinglyengageindiscussionsofpasteventswhenchildrenareaboutthreeyearsold. 24. Thebetterablethepersonistoreconstructtheperspectivefromwhichthematerialwasencoded,themorelikelythatrecallwillbesuccessful. 25. Theworldlooksverydifferenttoapersonwhoseheadisonlytwoorthreefeetabovethegroundthantoonewhoseheadisfiveorsixfeetaboveit,0lderchildrenandadultsoftentrytoretrievethenamesofthingstheysaw,butinfantswouldnothaveencodedtheinformationverbally26. Conversely，improvedencodingofwhattheyhearmayhelpthembetterunderstandandrememberstoriesandthusmakethestoriesmoreusefulforrememberingfutureevents.27. Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between landmammalsandcetaceans.28. Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold. 29. Theskulliscetaceanlikebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroiltpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站3tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料andusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.30. Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert. 31. Theexpansionofdesertlikeconditionsintoareaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.32. Insomecasestheloosesoilisblowncompletelyaway,leavingastonysurface. 33. Desertificationisaccomplishedprimarilythroughthelossofstabilizingnaturalvegetationandthesubsequentacceleratederosionofthesoilbywindandwater. 34. Theimpactofraindropsontheloosesoiltendstotransferfineclayparticlesintothetiniestsoilspaces,sealingthemandproducingasurfacethatallowsverylittlewaterpenetration. 35. Thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedabilitytoabsorbwaterresultsinthefurtherlossofvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedeteriorationisestablished. 36. Insomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresultofatrendtowarddrierclimaticconditions. 37. Theprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresultingfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases. 38. The semiarid landsbordering the deserts exist ina delicate ecological balance and arelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures. 39. Duringthedryperiodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults. 40. Sincetheraisingofmostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion. 41. Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.42. Theincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationshaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtownsaresurroundedbylargeareascompletelylackingintreesandshrubs. 43. Theincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesoilconditionerandsourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtothetpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站4tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料land. 44. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer thatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil. 45. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and thetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.46. Inareaswhereconsiderablesoilstillremains,though,arigorouslyenforcedprogramoflandprotectionandcovercropplantingmaymakeitpossibletoreversethepresentdeteriorationofthesurface. 47. Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitialpeepshowformattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater. 48. Forthepriceof25cents(or5centspermachine),customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight).49. Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.50. Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachineaprojectorfromhiminsteadofseveral.51. Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.52. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, whichdependedoneitherliveperformanceor(inthecaseoftheslideandlanternshows)theactiveinvolvementofamasterofceremonieswhoassembledthefinalprogram.53. Althoughearlyexhibitorsregularlyaccompaniedmovieswithliveacts,thesubstanceofthemoviesthemselvesismassproduced,prerecordedmaterialthatcaneasilybereproducedbytheaterswithlittleornoactiveparticipationbytheexhibitor. 54. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and otherentertainmentstogetherinwhicheverwaytheythoughtwouldbemostattractivetoaudiencesorbyaccompanyingthemwithlectures,theircreativecontrolremainedlimited. 55. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifeliketpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站5tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料reproductionofthecommonplacemotionoftrains,ofwavesstrikingtheshore,andofpeoplewalkinginthestreet;andthemagicmadepossiblebytrickphotographyandthemanipulationofthecamera.56. With the advent ofprojection, the viewers relationship with the imagewas no longerprivate, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and theMutoscope,whichwasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividualphotographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid. 57. Atthesametime,theimagethatthespectatorlookedatexpandedfromtheminusculepeepshowdimensionsof1or2inches(inheight)tothelifesizeproportionsof6or9feet.58. Thoseindividualswhopossesscharacteristicsthatprovidethemwithanadvantageinthestruggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the nextgeneration.59. Becauseaggressiveindividualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,whatevergenesarelinkedtoaggressivebehavioraremorelikelytobetransmittedtosubsequentgenerations.60. Oneisthatpeoplescapacitytooutwitotherspecies,nottheiraggressiveness,appearstobethedominantfactorinhumansurvival.61. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they aredominatedby,oratthemercyof,aggressiveimpulses.62. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justifiedas duringwartimearelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.63. Peopledecidewhethertheywillactaggressivelyornotonthebasisoffactorssuchastheirexperienceswithaggressionandtheirinterpretationofotherpeoplesmotives.64. Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and forsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.65. Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.66. Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.67. Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofatpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站6tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料bellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.68. Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.69. ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,laborsstrengthcollapsed.70. Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe1850s,andthecourtsalsorecognizedworkersrighttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.71. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble featuresdesignedtoimprovetheaerodynamicsofhighspeedaircraft.72. Theyarealsocoveredwithaslick,transparentlidthatreducesdrag.73. Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.74. Thekeels,finlets,andcorselethelpdirecttheflowofwateroverthebodysurfaceinsuchaswayastoreduceresistance(seethefigure).75. Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.76. Their high, narrow tails with sweptback tips are almost perfectly adapted to providepropulsionwiththeleastpossibleeffort.77. They can glide pasteddies thatwould slow them down and then gain extra thrustbypushingofftheeddies.78. Theyhaveevolvedspecialheatersofmodifiedmuscletissuethatwarmtheeyesandbrain,maintainingpeakperformanceofthesecriticalorgans.79. Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthemclay,glass,wood,fiber,andmetalitwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsintermsoffunction,whichledtotheirbeingknownastheappliedarts.80. Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysics,whichpertaintoboththematerialsusedintheirmakingandthesubstancesandthingstobecontained,supported,andsheltered.81. Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofappliedartobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlytpo 小站独家巨献 版权归属 tpo 小站7tpo 小站 1 对 1 学员专用资料withincertainlimits.82Whatvariesisnotthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobjectsprimaryfunction. 83.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.84.Inotherwords,thedemandsofthelawsofphysics,notthesculptorsaestheticintentions,placedtheballthere.85. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that thecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptorslearnedhowtostrengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces(ironbeingmuchstrongerthanbronze).86.Eventhoughthefineartsinthetwentiethcenturyoftentreatmaterialsinnewways,thebasicdifferenceinattitudeofartistsinrelationtotheirmaterialsinthefineartsandtheappliedartsremainsrelativelyconstant.87.Itwouldthereforenotbetoogreatanexaggerationtosaythatpractitionersofthefineartsworktoovercomethelimitationsoftheirmaterials,whereasthoseengagedintheappliedartsworkinconcertwiththeirmaterials. 88.Thispapermoneyaristocracyofbankersandinvestorsmanipula