清洁生产考试试题及答案.doc

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Pollution Prevention 污染预防
Waste Minimization 废物最少化
End pipe Treatment 末端治理
Source control 源控制
Cleaner Production Technology 清洁生产工艺
Polluting control technology 污染控制工艺
No Waste Technology 无废工艺
Low Waste Technology 低废工艺
Anticipate and prevent strategies 预防和预估战略
Avoidance strategy回避战略
Designed for Environment 为环境而设计
Front-end resource management 首尾管理
Waste avoidance 污染回避
Waste reduction 污染削减
Green productivity（绿色生产）
Industrial Ecology/Industrial Metabolism 工艺生态学/工业新陈代谢
Life Cycle Assessment 生命周期评价
Cyclic economy 循环经济
Sustainable development可持续发展
Strategic Environmental Assessment 战略环境影响评价
2.1 The definition of Cleaner Production （UNEP and CP promotion law）
答:Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the environment.
UNEP（联合国环境规划署）清洁生产是指将综合预防的环境保护策略持续应用于生产过程和产品中，以期减少对人类和环境的风险。
Cleaner production as used in this Law means the continuous application of measures for design improvement（改进设计）, utilization of clean energy and raw materials, the implementation of advanced processes（工艺）, technologies and equipment, improvement of management and comprehensive utilization of resources to reduce pollution at source, enhance the rates of resource utilization efficiency, reduce or avoid pollution generation and discharge in the course of production, provision of services and product use, so as to decrease harm to the health of human beings and the environment
《清洁生产促进法》中清洁生产的定义：清洁生产是指不断采取改进设计，使用清洁的能源和原料，采用先进的工艺技术与设备，改善管理，综合利用等措施，从源头消减污染，提高资源利用效率，减少或者避免生产服务和产品使用过程中污染物的产生和排放，以减轻或者消除对人类健康和环境的危害。
2.2. Target（目的） of cleaner production
 protect human being and environment, enhance the profit of the organization  
2.3. Try to describe the category （种类 范畴）of cleaner production audit（审核）
According to "Cleaner production promotion law", CP audit can be divided into voluntary（自愿）audits and compulsory audits（强制性审核）.
2.4 Try to talk about the time limitation of cleaner production audit for various enterprises
自企业名单公布后一年以内完成审核。
强制性清洁生产审核的企业应当在名单公布后二个月内开展清洁生产审核。
（1）“双有”企业，两次审核的间隔时间不得超过五年；
（2）五个重金属污染防治重点行业的重点企业，每两年完成一轮清洁生产审核；
（3）七个产能过剩行业的重点企业，每三年完成一轮清洁生产审核；
（4）《重点企业清洁生产行业分类管理名录》确定的其他重污染行业的重点企业，每五年开展一轮清洁生产审核；
（5）自愿实施清洁生产审核的企业可以向有管辖权的发展改革（经济贸易）行政主管部门和环境保护行政主管部门提供拟进行清洁生产审核的计划，并按照清洁生产审核计划的内容、程序组织清洁生产审核。
2.5、Describe the procedure of CP audit
清洁生产审核程序包括审核预备、预审核、审核、方案的产生和筛选、可行性分析、方案的实施、持续清洁生产。
Cleaner production audit program including audit preparation, preliminary review, audit, scheme generation and screening, feasibility analysis, project implementation, continuous cleaner production。
2.6、When the enterprise violates which items，can be seen as not pass the cleaner production assessment （当企业违反了哪些项目,可以被视为不通过清洁生产评估）
2.7. When the enterprise violates which items，can be seen as not pass the assessment of cleaner production audit
1.不满足评估标准中的任何一条
Do not satisfy the evaluation criteria of any one
2.清洁生产审核报告质量上存在重大问题，主要指：
（1）审核重点设置错误或清洁生产目标设置不合理。
（2）没有对本次审核范围做全面的清洁生产潜力分析。
（3）数据存在重大错误，包括相关数据与环境统计数据偏差较大等。
3.企业没有按国家规定淘汰命令禁止的生产技术、工艺、设备以及产品。
4.在清洁生产审核过程中弄虚作假。
2. Cleaner production audit report on the quality of the major problems exist，mainly refers to
：(1) the key point setting error or clean production goal setting is not reasonable.
(2) not to make a comprehensive range of the audit of cleaner production potential analysis.
(3) data there are big mistakes, including related data and environmental statistics, such as large deviation.
3. The enterprise did not according to the provisions of the state out of the banned production technologies, processes, equipment and products.
4. In the clean production audit fraud in the process.
2.8 When the enterprise violates which items，can be seen as not pass the check and acceptance of cleaner production audit
(1)不满足验收标准中的任何一条
Don't meet the acceptance standard of any one
(2)企业在方案实施过程中弄虚作假，虚报环境和经济效益，包括相关数据与环境统计数据偏差较大情况
 Enterprises in the implementation process of deception, any environmental and economic benefits, including related data and environmental statistics data deviation larger situation
2.9. Try to describe the eight factors related to wastes produce.
(1) Raw materials and energies （2）Technologies （3）Equipments (4) Control of the production processes (5) Products (6) Wastes (7) Managements (8) Stuff
2.10. Where the driving force come from for the enterprises to carry out CP audit
（1）企业对CP感兴趣：(用户压力：生意上的竞争，竞争对手，借贷人的要求，市场潜力;外部压力：职工家庭，政府机构贸易协会;管理压力：地方团体，法律和标准，法规体系;来自内部的压力：社会责任，生意事宜，贸易联合，职工健康)（2）受市场驱动而参加CP
2.12、Definition of Pay Back Period, NPV, Internal Rate of Return
Pay Back Period：The payback  period of an  investment  is essentially  a measure  of how long it takes  to break-even  for an investment.  In other  words - how many  weeks, months or years  does  it take  to get  back  the  investment  capital  that  has  been  laid out for a project  or a piece  of equipment. 
Internal Rate of Return：Many  readers  are  likely  more familiar with  the term return  on investment （ROI）. ROI  is defined as  the interest rate that would  result  in  a return on the invested capital equivalent  to  the project’s  return.
NPV：The  present value  of  net benefits (PVNB)  shows the worth  of  a pollution prevention project in  terms of a present  value sum. The PVNB is determined by calculating the present  value of all benefits, doing the same  for all costs, and  then subtracting the two totals.
投资回收期的定义、净现值、内部收益率
投资回收期本质上是一个衡量需要多长时间才能盈亏平衡的投资。换句话说,有多少几周、几个月或者几年才能找回自己的投资资本,一直追寻的一个项目或一个块设备。
许多读者可能更熟悉术语投资回报(ROI)。ROI被定义为利率,会导致投资资本回报率相当于项目的回报。
净收益的现值(PVNB)显示了价值的一个污染防治项目方面的现值总和。这个PVNB是由计算现值的所有好处,做同样的所有成本,然后减去两个总数。
2.13. Definition of cleaner production audit
Definition: “Cleaner production audit” as mentioned in these Measures shall mean the process of following certain procedures to investigate into and diagnose the production and service process so as to find out the causes of high energy consumption, high material consumption and heavy pollution and to render solutions for reducing the use and production of toxic or harmful materials and decreasing energy consumption, material consumption and wastes, and therefore to select the technically, economically and environmentally feasible cleaner production plans.
清洁生产审核，是指按照一定程序，对生产和服务过程进行调查和诊断，找出能耗高、物耗高、污染重的原因，提出减少有毒有害物料的使用、产生，降低能耗、物耗以及废物产生的方案，进而选定技术经济及环境可行的清洁生产方案的过程。
2.14. Try to talk about the connotation of CP   试论CP的内涵
1. Is a whole process analysis program for the change of materials, transform (转化) of materials.
2. Is a action step to find questions, formulate plan, assessment plan and implementation plan.
3. View point of the audit: "Energy Saving, Consumption Reducing, Pollution Decreasing and Benefit Increasing"  
4.  Focus on whole process pollution prevention
1. 是一个整体流程分析程序对改变材料、变换(转化)的材料。
2. 是一个行动步骤来发现问题,制定计划,评估计划和实施计划。
3. 观点的审计:“节能、降耗、减少污染和福利增加”
4. 专注于整个过程污染防治
2.15. Try to list the application materials for check and acceptance of CP audit
试着列出应用材料验收的CP审核
《清洁生产审核验收申请表》
清洁生产审核报告
环境监测报告
清洁生产审核评估意见
清洁生产审核验收工作报告
报送省级行政主管部门

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