临床心理学.ppt

Clinical PsychologyClinical psychologyItisthepsychologicalspecialtythatProvides continuing and comprehensive mental and behavioral health care for Individuals and families;Consultation to agencies and communities;Training,education and supervision;Research-based practice.Inclusiveofseverepsychopathology(schools)Thescopeofclinicalpsychologyencompassesallages,multiplediversitiesandvariedsystems.ProceduresAssessment:diagnostic interviewing,behavioral assessment,administration and interpretation of psychological test measuresIntervention(primary,secondaryandtertiarylevels):clinical services to individuals,families and groupsConsultation:inter-and intra-professional practice with other health and behavioral health professionals and organizationsResearch:engagement with specific research and critical review of science,knowledge and methods pertaining to clinical psychology.Brief HistoryMany18thc.treatmentsforpsychologicaldistresswerebasedonpseudo-scientificideas,suchasPhrenology.Early Clinical PsychologyLightnerWitmer(18671956),apaststudentofWundtandheadofthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofPennsylvania,Treatayoungboywhohadtroublewithspelling.HissuccessfultreatmentleadtoWitmersopeningofthefirstpsychologicalclinicatPennin1896,dedicatedtohelpingchildrenwithlearningdisabilities.Four Main SchoolsPsychodynamicCognitiveBehavioralHumanisticSystemsorFamilyPsychodynamicsPsychodynamicsPsychodynamictherapyfocusesonthepsychologicalrootsofemotionalsuffering.Itscharacteristicareself-reflectionandself-examination,andtheuseoftherelationshipbetweentherapistandpatientasawindowintoproblematicrelationshippatternsinthepatientslife.Itsgoalisnotonlytoeasethemostobvioussymptomsbuttohelppeopleleadhealthierlives.FamousSigmundFreudandPsychoanalysisCarlJungandanalyticalpsychologyAlfredAdlerandIndividualpsychologySigmund FreudThefatherofpsychoanalysis,wasaphysiologist,medicaldoctor,psychologistandinfluentialthinkeroftheearlytwentiethcentury.WorkinginitiallyinclosecollaborationwithJosephBreuerwhomadekeydiscoveriesinneurophysiology,anddevelopedthetalkingcure(catharticmethod),Freudelaboratedthetheorythatthemindisacomplexenergy-system,thestructuralinvestigationofwhichistheproperprovinceofpsychology.PsychoanalysisTheformofpsychodynamictherapydevelopedbyFreud;anintensiveandprolongedtechniqueforexploringunconsciousmotivationsandconflictsinneurotic,anxiety-riddenindividuals.Key Concepts/TheoriesDynamicStructuralEconomicDevelopmentalDynamicDealswithinstinctualforces.Hetracesallinstincts,andinacertainsensethereforeallactions,backtotwoinstincts;theyaretheEros(sexualinstinctorlibido)andthedestructive(aggressive)instinct.Theyworktogetherandagainsteachotherandhaveahandineverythingwedo.DynamicStructuralDivisionstwomaincategories:thetopographicalandstructuralmodels.Thetopographicalmodelconsistsofthreemainparts:theunconscious,thepreconscious,andtheconscious.TopographicalConsciousvsUnconscious(1vs9)Unconscious The domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses.Conscious:Unconscious 1:9StructuralThestructuralmodelconsistsofthreeparts:theid,theego,andthesuperego.StructuralEconomicToabstractlyquantifythepowerofinstinctsthroughtheconceptofpsychicenergy.Thisisdescribedthroughasysteminwhichthisenergyininvestedtowardsinstinctualgoalsthroughcathexes,towardmaximizingthepleasurefortheindividual.This,however,isbalancedbytheconceptofanti-cathexes,inwhichtheenergyisinvestedasaforceagainsttheinstinct,viadefenseintheego.(DefenseMechanism)Anxiety and Defense MechanismAnxiety and Defense MechanismDevelopmentalThreemajorideasinhistheorythatcontradictedcommonbeliefs.First,sexuallifebeginsatbirth.Second,adistinctionbetweensexualandgenitalhastobemade(totallydisconnectedfromthegenitals,forexampleoralandanalpleasure.)Third,physicalpleasuremaybebroughtintotheserviceofreproduction,butthetwooftenfailtocoincidecompletely.DevelopmentalOverall Contribution to the MankindPsychodynamicpsychotherapyiseffectiveforawiderangeofmentalhealthsymptoms,includingdepression,anxiety,panicandstress-relatedphysicaldisease,Thebenefitsofthetherapygrowaftertreatmenthasended,accordingtonewresearchpublishedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Cognitive BehavioralCognitive BehavioralCognitivebehaviortherapy(CBT)isanimportantbranchofclinicalpsychology.CBTisatypeofpsychotherapeutictreatmentthathelpspatientsunderstandthethoughtsandfeelingsthatinfluencebehaviors.CBTiscommonlyusedtotreatawiderangeofdisordersincludingphobias,addictions,depression,andanxiety.Cognitive BehavioralCBTisbasedonthetheorythathowwethink(cognition),howwefeel(emotion),andhowweact(behavior)arerelatedandinteracttogetherincomplexways.FamousEpictetus,Greekphilosopher.Observedthatpeoplearenotdisturbedbythingsthathappenbutbytheviewtheytakeofthingsthathappen.AlbertEllis,Ph.D.“grandfatherofcognitivebehavioraltherapy.”AaronBeck,MD,apsychiatrist(UniversityofPennsylvania)Key ConpcetsThereareanumberofspecifictypesoftherapeuticapproaches:RationalEmotiveBehaviorTherapy(REBT)CognitiveTherapyMultimodalTherapyDialecticalBehaviorTherapyOverall Contribution to the MankindSelf/PersonalGrowthIndividualClientsGroupsMarriage/relationshipsFamilyWorkplaceVaryingIntellectualability/learningimpairmentsOverall Contribution to the MankindCognitivebehaviortherapyhasbeenusedtotreatpeoplesufferingfromawiderangeofdisorders,includinganxiety,phobias,depression,andaddiction.Cognitivebehaviortherapyisalsowell-suitedforpeoplelookingforashort-termtreatmentoptionthatdoesnotnecessarilyinvolvepsychotropicmedication.Oneofthegreatestbenefitsofcognitive-behaviortherapyisthatithelpsclientsdevelopcopingskillsthatcanbeusefulbothnowandinthefuture.HumanisticHumanisticHumanisticpsychologyinthe20thcentury,theriseofthefiftiesandsixtiesoftheU.SThepsychologicalthirdforces.FamousCarlRansomRogers(19021987)Oneofthefoundersofhumanisticpsychology.Histheorywasbasedon19propositionsKey ConpcetsApproachesEmpathyandself-helpTheidealselfNon-pathologicalOverall Contribution to the MankindDevelopingselfandspirituality,Developingsecurityandresilience,Accountability,flexibilityandcomplexityinhumanlifeandpracticeDirectlyoriginatefromthehumanisticpsychologicaltheoryandhumanisticpsychotherapypractice.Systems or FamilySystems or FamilyFamilytherapyalsocallcoupleandfamilytherapy,marriageandfamilytherapy,familysystemstherapy,andfamilycounseling.Abranchofpsychotherapythatworkswithfamiliesandcouplesinintimaterelationshipstonurturechangeanddevelopment.Ittendstoviewchangeintermsofthesystemsofinteractionbetweenfamilymembers.Itemphasizesfamilyrelationshipsasanimportantfactorinpsychologicalhealth.Systems or FamilyInitial periodIn 1920s,Freud puts forward the theory of psychoanalysis.Consolidation period In 1990s,Each school no longer mutually exclusive debate,and then form a trend of integration.Boom periodIn 1950s,family therapy began in four places.In 1980s,family therapy to mature.Development periodIn 1930s,marriage counseling groups gradually prevailed.1940s-1950s,Start with a family of ideas to understand the behavior of the individual.FamousRepresentative:DonJackson,JayHaleyBasictheory:familyrules,familyhomeostasis,feedbackloopTreatmenttechnique:reframing,directives,circularquestioning,positiveconnotationKey ConpcetsIngeneralcanbedividedintothefollowingschools:PsychodynamicapproachesExperientialFamilyTherapyBowenianFamilyTherapyStructuralfamilytherapyStrategicTherapyCognitiveBehavioralFamilyTherapyOverall Contribution to the MankindThepartiesandtheirfamiliesasawholesystem,analysisofthepartiesandfamilymembersofthevariouspsychologicalproblems.Therearemanytypesoffamilytherapy,eachschoolhasdifferentsupporttheory,theuseoftreatmenttechniquesarenotthesame.SummarySummaryClinicalPsychologyprovidescontinuingandcomprehensivementalandbehavioralhealthcareforIndividualsandfamilies,.ClinicalPsychologyproceduresincludesAssessment,Intervention,ConsultationandResearch.ClinicalPsychologyfourmainschoolsincludesPsychodynamic,CognitiveBehavioral,Humanistic,SystemsorFamily.Psychodynamictherapyfocusesonthepsychologicalrootsofemotionalsuffering.Cognitivebehavioraltherapythathowwethink(cognition),howwefeel(emotion),andhowweact(behavior)arerelatedandinteracttogetherincomplexways.Humanisticexperiencetherapeuticimprovementcongruence,unconditionalpositiveregard,andempatheticunderstanding.Systemsorfamilytherapyemphasizesfamilyrelationshipsasanimportantfactorinpsychologicalhealth.EndMeaningsarenotdeterminedbysituations,butwedetermineourselvesbythemeaningswegivetosituations.-AlfredAdler