人机工程学之工作环境和安全.pptx

ERGONOMICSMultidisciplinary science dealing with the interactions between the employee and their total workplaceor,more simply,The science of designing the workplace to fit the capabilities of the employee.WHY ARE WE HERElTo reduce ergonomic-related injuries and risklImprove work efficiencyHow?lEnsure equipment,workstations,and tools are designed and installed utilizing ergonomics principleslLearn about ergonomic risk factors and how they contribute to injurylLearn about human body dimensions and strength capabilities as they relate to designlLearn the principles of workstation design and how to apply themlLearn how to evaluate manual handling tasks using ergonomic analysis toolslLearn ergonomics considerations for equipment maintenance and serviceLEARNING OBJECTIVESINTEL ERGONOMICS DESIGN GUIDELINESlIntel ergonomics design guidelines are the basis for this courselRev.10.0 is the most current versionlCan be found on Corporate Ergonomics website at:http:/ INJURIESInjury TypeslSprainslStrainslMusculoskeletal Disorder(MSD)The occurrence of these injuries often indicate that the physical requirements of the job exceed the employees capabilities.WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF THE INTEL PROBLEM?WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF THE INTEL PROBLEM?INDUSTRY COMPARISONIntel has the second lowest injury/illness recordable rate among SIA member companies(2003 SIA data)SPRAINS AND STRAINSlStrain-An acute injury to the muscle or tendon generally resulting from overexertion lSprain-An acute injury to the ligaments,cartilage,or soft tissues around a joint.MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER(MSD)lMSD is a progressive disorder that develops over time from some aspect of repetitive work.lThis cumulative trauma generally results in;-Inflammation of soft tissues-Compression of nerves-Compression of vascular system ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORSlRepetitive motionslExtreme postureslForceful exertionslMechanical stresslEnvironmental stressorsREPETITIVE MOTIONIndividuals have varying tolerance to repetitionEarly studies identified high repetition as;-A job cycle of less than 30 seconds-Greater than 1000 manipulations/shiftMore recent guidelines have tied rate to body segment-90 to 150 exertions/hr for the shoulder-900 to 1800 exertions/hr for the wristMachine paced operations are often associated with repetition issues.EXTREME POSTUREAwkward postures have been identified for each jointl 45 degrees shoulder flexion or abductionl 30 degrees forearm supination or pronationl 10 degrees wrist flexionl 20 degrees neck flexion Table 3.1What postural issues are present in this task?What postural issues are present in this task?FORCEFUL EXERTIONExcess force requirements are defined as;-Greater than 15%of maximum strength for repetitive or static tasks.-Greater than 30%of maximum strength for occasional tasks.-Greater then 50%of maximum strength for infrequent tasks.Table 3.3Sometimes excess force requirements are easy to identify.Other times excess force requirements are not so obvious.MECHANICAL STRESSMechanical stress can result from greater than 1.0 psi sustained localized pressure applied to soft tissues.ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORSl Temperatures of less than 20o C(68o F)Fahrenheit have been shown to contribute to the development of MSD.lVibration has been shown to contribute to the development of MSD.TASK DESIGNCOMBINED RISK FACTORSIncreased risk of developing an MSD from exposure to risk factors.High force3.5XHigh repetition2.5XHigh force and repetition16.5XTWO PRIMARY CONCERNS Where strength capability or low back loading are the primary concerns;1991 NIOSH eq.Biomechanical modelingPsychophysical dataMVC dataWhere micro trauma to the muscle-tendon unit is the primary concern;OSHA checklistANSI Z 365ACGIH hand TLVRULA/REBAStrain Index