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1Lecture 12 WTO 及其相关规则2世界贸易组织世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)及规则及规则维持世界经济秩序的三大支柱体系维持世界经济秩序的三大支柱体系 :WTO-贸易贸易IMF-汇率汇率WB-投资投资 vWTO的前身:关税与贸易总协定的前身:关税与贸易总协定 GATT-General Agreement on Tariff and Trade3The WTO世界贸易组织nLocation:Geneva,Switzerland瑞士日内瓦nEstablished:1 January 1995nCreated by:Uruguay Round negotiations(1986-1994)乌拉圭回合谈判后创立nMembership成员:153countriesnSecretariat staff 秘书处:650 or sonHead头领:(director-general)拉米4WTO WTO 与与GATTGATT的区别:的区别:nWTOWTO是一个永久的具有正式法人地位的国际贸是一个永久的具有正式法人地位的国际贸易组织,在法律上与联合国等国际组织处于平易组织,在法律上与联合国等国际组织处于平等的地位;等的地位;WTOWTO除了适用于货物贸易外,还涉除了适用于货物贸易外,还涉及到服务贸易与贸易有关的知识产权、投资措及到服务贸易与贸易有关的知识产权、投资措施;施;WTOWTO成员必须一揽子方式接受成员必须一揽子方式接受WTOWTO的协定,的协定,所有协议不能选择性的参加;所有协议不能选择性的参加;WTOWTO完善了争端完善了争端解决机制。解决机制。5Functions功能nAdministering WTO trade agreements 管理WTO下的贸易协议nForum for trade negotiations贸易谈判论坛nHandling trade disputes处理贸易纠纷nMonitoring national trade policies监管国家贸易政策nTechnical assistance and training for developing countries技术援助和对发展中国家的培训nCooperation with other international organizations与其他国际组织协作 6WTO:Fundamental Principles基本原则nNon-discrimination非歧视原则非歧视原则n Most-favored-nation(MFN):treating other people equally 最惠国待遇原则:公平对待所有成员国n National treatment:Treating foreigners and locals equally 国民待遇原则:平等对待外国和国内企业等nFreer trade:gradually,through negotiation 贸易自由化:逐渐通过谈判 nPredictability:through binding 可预见性:通过约束nPromoting fair competition 促进公平竞争nEncouraging development and economic reform 鼓励发展和经济改革7WTOs organization structrue 8WTO组织结构n部长会议the Ministerial Conference(2年一次):Highest authority最高权力机构 n总理事会:nThe General Council总理事会nThe Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机制nThe Trade Policy Review Body贸易政策评估机制n分理事会:councils for each broad area of trade,and more每个贸易领域的理事会n专门委员会:6个委员会、1个工作组、3个工作小组n秘书处和总干事9谈判回合和谈判范围谈判回合和谈判范围时间时间参与国参与国(地区)数量地区)数量工业品关税削减幅度(百工业品关税削减幅度(百分比)分比)涉及关税涉及关税日内瓦回合日内瓦回合19472335安纳西回合安纳西回合19493335托奎回合托奎回合19513926日内瓦回合日内瓦回合19562815狄龙回合狄龙回合1960-614520涉及关税和非关税涉及关税和非关税肯尼迪回合肯尼迪回合1964-675435东京回合东京回合1973-799933乌拉圭回合乌拉圭回合1986-9310540多哈发展回合多哈发展回合2001-14710WTO协定体系:乌拉圭回合协定体系:乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的最后文件多边贸易谈判的最后文件 n建立世界贸易组织协定建立世界贸易组织协定 n四个附件n附件1A:GATT1994;附件1B:GATs;附件1C:TRIPsn附件附件2 2:关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解:关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解(DSU)DSU)n附件附件3 3:贸易政策审议机制:贸易政策审议机制n附件附件4 4:诸边贸易协议:诸边贸易协议11The Basic structure of the WTO AgreementsGoodsServicesIntellectual property DisputesBasic principlesGATTGATSTRIPSDisputes settlementAdditional detailsOther goods agreements and annexesServices annexesMarket access commitmentsCountries schedule of commitmentsCountries schedule of commitments(and MFN exemptions)12GATT1994n农业协议n实施动植物卫生检疫措施协议n纺织品与服装协议(2005年1月1日到期)n技术性贸易壁垒协议n与贸易有关的投资措施协议n海关估价协议n装运前检验协议n原产地规则协议n进口许可程序协议n倾销与反倾销协议n补贴与反补贴措施协议n保障措施协议13GATT关贸总协定的4个部分nPart I contains Most Favoured nation(MFN)and tariff bindings.第一部分包括最惠国待遇和约束关税nPart II(Articles III to XXIII-general clauses)are the principal obligations(rules)regarding customs procedures,quotas,subsidies,antidumping,and national treatment.第二部分(条款3至23)是关于海关手续,配额,补贴,反倾销和国民待遇原则的主要义务nPart III is largely procedural(Article XXIV to XXXV)第三部分绝大部分是程序上的(条款24到35)nPart IV is trade and development(36-38)第四部分是贸易和发展14GATS 服务贸易总协定一般规则nAll services are covered by GATS 包括所有服务nMFN treatment applies to all services,except the temporary exemptions MFN适用,例外条款除外nNational treatment applies in the areas where commitments are made 国民待遇仅适用于承诺的领域nTransparency in regulations,inquiry points 透明性nRegulations have to be objective and reasonable 规则客观公正nIndividual countries commitments:negotiated and boundn各国独自承诺:谈判、约束nProgressive liberalization:through further negotiations逐渐自由化15服务贸易四种提供方式nCross-border supply(过境交付):services supplied from one country to another(e.g.international telephone calls)nConsumption abroad(境外消费):consumers or firms making use of a service in another country(e.g.tourism)上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院16Four ways of Providing International ServicesnCommercial presence(商业存在):a foreign company setting up subsidiaries or branches to provide services in another country(e.g.foreign banks setting up operations in a country)nPresence of natural persons(自然人流动):individuals traveling from their own country to supply services in another(e.g.fashion models or consultants)上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院17TRIPs 基本原则nNational treatment国民待遇nIt is also a key principle in other intellectual property agreements outside the WTO 它也是在WTO之外的其他知识产权协定的一个重要原则nMFNnTechnology transfer 技术转让 Compulsory licensingnIntellectual property protection should contribute to technical innovation and the transfer of technology知识产权保护应该有利于技术创新和技术转让强制许可18TRIPS的主要特点n(1)内容涉及面广,几乎涉及到了知识产权的各个领域;n(2)保护水平高,在多方面超过了现有的国际公约对知识产权的保护水平;n(3)将关贸总协定(GATT)和世界贸易组织(WTO)中关于有形商品贸易的原则和规定延伸到对知识产权的保护领域;n(4)强化了知识产权执法程序和保护措施;n(5)强化了协议的执行措施和争端解决机制,把履行协议保护产权与贸易制裁紧密结合在一起;n(6)设置了“与贸易有关的知识产权理事会”作为常设机构,监督本协议的实施。19What is DSU?nUnderstanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputesn关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解书(DSU)20争端解决机制程序n磋商n专家组程序n争端解决机构决定n上诉机构程序n监督实施n制裁
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