消费者剩余与生产者剩余.ppt

7消费者、生产者与市场效率 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich2012 UPDATE N.格里高利.曼昆 著经济学原理第六版 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1*本章我们将探索这些问题的答案本章我们将探索这些问题的答案:什么是消费者剩余？它与需求曲线有什么联系？什么是生产者剩余？它与供给曲线有什么联系？市场能使资源达到合意的配置吗？还是市场结果有改善的余地？2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2*福利经济学福利经济学资源配置涉及下述问题：每种物品分别生产多少？谁生产它们？谁消费它们？福利经济学：福利经济学：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利的一门学问首先，我们来看看消费者的福利 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3*支付意愿支付意愿 一个买者对一种物品的支付意愿是他愿意为这种物品支付的最高量支付意愿衡量买者对于物品的评价人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125例如：4个卖者对于一个iPod的支付意愿 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4*支付意愿与需求曲线支付意愿与需求曲线问题问题:如果iPod的价格为$200,，谁会买它？会买多少？A:Anthony 和Flea会买一个 iPod，Chad和John不会买因此,Qd=2 当价格为 P=$200时人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.5*支付意愿与需求曲线支付意愿与需求曲线得出需求表4John,Chad,Anthony,Flea 0 1253Chad,Anthony,Flea126 1752Anthony,Flea176 2501Flea251 3000没人$301 及以上Qd谁会买P(iPod的价格)人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.6*支付意愿与需求曲线支付意愿与需求曲线PQPQd$301及以上0251 3001176 2502126 1753 0 1254 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.7*梯形图梯形图需求曲线看起来像一个梯形，有四个台阶-每一个台阶代表一个买者。PQ如果像在竞争市场那样有许多买者那就会有很多小的台阶看起来就更像一条光滑的曲线 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.8*支付意愿与需求曲线支付意愿与需求曲线在任意数量，需求曲线的高度代表边界买者的支付意愿边际买者：指如果价格再提高一点就首先离开市场的买者PQFlea的支付意愿Anthony的支付意愿Chad的支付意愿John的支付意愿 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.9*消费者剩余消费者剩余消费者剩余：消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量为此实际支付的量消费者剩余=支付意愿 市场价格人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125如果 P=$260Flea的消费者剩余=$300 260=$40其他人没有消费者剩余，因为他们不会在这个价格下购买iPod总消费者剩余=$40 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10*消费者剩余与需求曲线消费者剩余与需求曲线PQP=$260 Flea的消费者剩余=$300 260=$40总消费者剩余=$40Flea的支付意愿 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.11*消费者剩余与需求曲线消费者剩余与需求曲线PQ如果P=$220 Flea的消费者剩余=$300 220=$80Anthony的消费者剩余=$250 220 =$30总消费者剩余 =$110Flea的消费者剩余Anthony的消费者剩余 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.12*消费者剩余与需求曲线消费者剩余与需求曲线PQ总结：总消费者剩余等于需求曲线以下和价格以上的面积 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.13每双鞋的价格*PQ$许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D千双当 Q=5(千双),边际买者为每双鞋的支付意愿是$50如果 P=$30.他的消费者剩余 =$20.2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.14*PQ许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D消费者剩余是买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量 复习：三角形的面积 =x 底 x 高高=$60 30=$30.所以 CS=x 15 x$30 =$225h$2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.15*PQ更高的价格如何减少消费者剩余更高的价格如何减少消费者剩余D如果价格上升到$40,CS=x 10 x$20 =$100.消费者剩余减少的两个原因：1.一些买者离开市场2.留在市场中的买者支付更高的价格 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.PQ需求曲线A.找出边际买者在Q=10的支付意愿B.计算在 P=$30时的消费者剩余如果价格降到$20，消费者剩余会增加多少 C.新进入市场的买者D.已进入市场的买者能以更低的价格购买$主动学习 1 消费者剩余主动学习 1 参考答案 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.P$Q需求曲线A.在 Q=10,边际买者的支付意愿为$30.B.CS=x 10 x$10=$50价格降到$20C.新进入市场买者的消费者剩余=x 10 x$10=$50D.已进入市场买者由于价格下降而增加的消费者剩余=10 x$10=$100 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.18*成本与供给曲线成本与供给曲线人名成本Jack$10Janet20Chrissy35一个卖者生产和出售物品或服务，除非价格高于他或她的成本 因此，成本衡量了出售意愿 成本成本：卖者为了生产一种物品而必须放弃的每种东西的价值（也是机会成本）包括所有用于生产物品的资源的成本和卖者对于他们自己时间的评价例如：三个提供除草服务卖者的成本 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.19*成本与供给曲线成本与供给曲线335 及以上220 34110 190$0 9QsP根据成本数据画出供给表：人名人名成本成本Jack$10Janet20Chrissy35 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.20*成本与供给曲线成本与供给曲线PQPQs$0 9010 19120 34235 及以及以上上3 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.21*成本与供给曲线成本与供给曲线PQ在每个数量，供给曲线的高度是边际卖者的成本边际卖者边际卖者：如果价格再低一点就首先离开市场的卖者Chrissy的成本Janet 的成本Jack的成本 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.22*生产者剩余生产者剩余PQ生产者剩余生产者剩余(PS)：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本PS=P cost 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.23*生产者剩余与供给曲线生产者剩余与供给曲线PQPS=价格价格 成本如果 P=$25.Jack的 PS=$15Janet的PS=$5Chrissy的 PS=$0总生产者剩余=$20Janets costJacks cost总生产者剩余等于价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积Chrissys cost 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.24*PQ许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线鞋的供给S千双每双鞋的价格如果 P=$40在Q=15(千双),边际卖者的成本是$30，她的生产者剩余为$10 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.25*PQ许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线鞋的供给S生产者剩余是价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积这个三角形的高度$40 15=$25.因此,PS=x b x h =x 25 x$25 =$312.50h 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.26*PQ更低的价格如何减少生产者剩余更低的价格如何减少生产者剩余如果价格降到$30,PS=x 15 x$15 =$112.50生产者剩余减少的原因两个原因：S1.卖者离开市场减少的生产者剩余2.仍留在市场的卖者只能得到更低的价格所引起生产者剩余的减少主动学习 2 生产者剩余 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.PQ供给曲线A.找出边际卖者在Q=10时的成本B.计算P=$20时的总生产者剩余如果价格上升到$30，计算下列情况下的生产者剩余：C.多售出5个单位物品所增加的生产者剩余D.最初10个单位物品在更高价格下增加的生产者剩余主动学习 2 参考答案 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.PQ供给曲线A.在Q=10时,边际成本 =$20 B.PS=x 10 x$20 =$100价格上升到$30C.多售出5个单位所增加的PS=x 5 x$10=$25D.最初10个单位所增加的生产者剩余=10 x$10=$100 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.29*消费者剩余、生产者剩余与总剩余消费者剩余、生产者剩余与总剩余CS =(买者的评价)(买者支付的量)=买者参与市场得到的收益PS =(卖者得到的量)(卖者的成本)=卖者参与市场得到的收益总剩余总剩余 =CS+PS=参与市场贸易得到的总收益=(买者的评价)(卖者的成本)2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.30*资源的市场配置资源的市场配置市场经济中，资源的配置是由许多分散自利的买者与卖者相互作用决定的市场对资源的配置是合意的吗？还存在另一个不同的配置方法能使社会更好吗？为回答这个问题，我们使用总剩余作为衡量社会福利的指标，我们也考虑市场配置是否有效率 （尽管这里我们主要关注效率，但政策制定者同样关注公平）2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.31*效率效率如果资源配置使总剩余最大化，那我们可以说，这种配置表现出效率。效率意味着：物品是由对这种物品评价最高的买者消费物品是由生产这种物品成本最低的卖者生产增加或减少这种物品的数量并不会使总剩余增加=(买者的评价)(卖者的成本)总剩余 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.32*市场均衡的评价市场均衡的评价市场均衡：P=$30 Q=15,000总剩余 =CS+PS市场均衡有效率的?PQSDCSPS 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.33*谁会消费物品？谁会消费物品？PQSD支付意愿$30的买者会购买 支付意愿$30的卖者不会生产物品 因此,具有最低生产物品成本的卖者会生产物品 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.35*市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗?PQSD在在Q=20,生产物品的边际成本是$35 消费者对物品的边际评价是$20因此，只要生产物品的数量大于15，降低产量就能增加总剩余。2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.36*市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗?PQSD在在Q=10,生产物品的边际成本是$25 消费者对物品的边际评价是$40因此，增加产量能增大总剩余，只要生产物品的数量小于15 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.37*市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗市场均衡产量最大化总剩余了吗?PQSD市场均衡产量使总剩余最大：在其他任何产量条件，向市场均衡产量移动都能使总剩余增加 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.38*亚当亚当.斯密与看不见的手斯密与看不见的手“人类几乎随时随地都需要同胞的协助，仅仅指望他们的慷慨是徒劳的。如果他能够唤起他们的利己心，并向他们证明，他要他们做的事情也对他们有利，那他更有可能成功我们想要的食品，不是出自屠户、酿酒人或面包师的仁慈，而是出于他们对自身利益的关心”Adam Smith,1723-1790引自国富论,1776 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.39*亚当亚当.斯密与看不见的手斯密与看不见的手“每个人都力图用好他的资本，使其产出能实现最大的价值。一般说来，他既不企图增进公共福利，也不知道他能够增进多少。他所追求的仅仅是一己的安全或私利。但是，在他这样做的时候，有一只看不见的手在引导着他去帮助实现另外一种目标，尽管该目标并非是他的本意。追逐个人利益的结果，是他经常的增进社会的利益，其效果要比他真的想要增进社会的利益会更好”。Adam Smith,1723-1790引自国富论,1776 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.40*自由市场与政府干预自由市场与政府干预市场均衡是有效率的，任何其他结果的总剩余都不会高于市场均衡产量的总剩余 政府不能通过改变资源的市场配置方法而增加总剩余 自由放任自由放任(法语的意思是“让他们自由行事吧”)：表达了政府不应该干预市场的主张 2013 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.41*自由市场与政府干预自由市场与政府干预如果资源不是由市场来配置，而是由一个关心社会福利的中央计划者来配置 为了达到资源配置的有效率和最大化总剩余，计划者需要知道市场中每个特定物品对每个潜在消费者的价值和每个潜在生产者的成本这个任务实际上是不可能完成的，