初中英语从句的分类.docx

初中英语从句的分类从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主要有三大从句，即：1. 名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)2. 定语从句3. 状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。1)主语从句用作主语，如：That the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的是真实的。2)宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives?3)表语从句用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。4)同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)5)定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.6)状语从句相当于一个副词，如：When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知)，find(发现)，see，hear，to be told(被告知)，make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语，可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。)Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句，常用 because, since, as, for fear (恐怕), seeing that (既然) ，now that (=since), considering that (考虑到) 等引导。)Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。(让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whether.or.; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句，通常由where, wherever 引导。)As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。)主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。He likes playing football very much. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。初中英语定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。如：The story which he told was very popularYou cant wake a person who is pretending to be asleep.一：定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 二：关系代词的用法(在从句中作主语或是宾语)1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看（作宾语）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语，可以省略。在口语中，who也可以作宾语。如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？（作宾语）4.whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语，如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. （做定语） 注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，且介词放在句末时，who， that， which作宾语时可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。如：This is the house in which we lived last year.Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，有些介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。如：This is the person whom you are looking for.（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。如： The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that。如：He was the first person that passed the exam.b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that。如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The small children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether：在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（ifor not也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。在不定式前用whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：aPlease let me know whether you like the book请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？3时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。4注意：if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。He will come if it doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。简化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. They found the box very heavy初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题习题(一)1 The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them.A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou.A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 The students want to know whether they_ dictation today.A. had B. has . C. will have D. are4 She asked Linda if_ go and get some.A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may5 Linda said the moon_ round the earth.A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled答案:1-5 A D C B C习题(二)1 Can you tell me_ you were born, BettyA. who B. what C. when D. that2 I dont know _ they have passed the exam.A. what B. if C. when D. where3 I hardly understand. _ he has told me.A. that B. what C. which D. who4 She didnt know_ back soon.A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be5. I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years.A. whether B where C. what D. when6. Do you know _ they listened to yesterday eveningA. what B when C why D how7. He asked me _told me the accident.A whom B which C who D whose答案:1-7 C B B A A A C习题(三)1. They dont know their parents are.A that B what C why D which2. Please tell me _what last year.A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked3. She asked me if I knew _.A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it4. You must remember _.A. what your mother said B. what did your mother sayC. your mother said what D. what has your mother said5 Did you know _A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking forC. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after6 Could you tell me _A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave BeijingC. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing答案:1-6 B D B A A C习题(四)1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市东城区)A. that B. how C. whatD. if2. I dont know _ Mr. Green will come to see us.He will help us with our English. (杭州市)A. why B. when C. how D. where3. We never know _ the old m an is.They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)A. what B. who C. which D. where4. I was told _ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重庆市)A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when5. Do you know _ Im going to see him.Sorry, I dont know. (北京市海淀区)A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li liveC. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived6. W here do you think _ he _ the computerSorry, I have no idea. (南京市)A. /; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy7. I dont feel very well. Mum asked me _ this morning. (重庆市)A. what the matter is B. what is wrongC. what the matter was D. what wrong was8. Where is JackHe is away to spend his holiday. Hes gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but Im not sure _ . (南昌市)A. that B. which C. where D. there答案:14 D A A D 58 C A C C