1、前列腺癌MRI诊断再认识龙岩人民医院 陈恩明2016-12-042012年首次发表前列腺影像报告和数据系统(prostate imaging reporting and data system,PI-RADS)。采用PI-RADS规范了前列腺MRI报告,具有良好的临床应用价值。2014年的北美放射学年会上,美国放射学会、欧洲泌尿生殖放射学会和AdMeTech基金会合作开发并发布了第二版PI-RADS(PI-RADS V2)PI-RADS(前列腺影像报告和数据系统)PI-RADS V2中将有临床意义的前列腺癌定义为Gleason评分7分,伴或不伴体积0.5 cm3【直径约0.8cm】、包膜外侵犯
2、。PI-RADS V2根据前列腺T2WI、DWI及DCE的综合表现,对出现有临床意义前列腺癌的可能性给出了评分方法评分方法:1分:非常低,极不可能存在;2分:低,不可能存在;3分:中等,可疑存在;4分:高,可能存在;5分:非常高,极有可能存在。PI-RADS评分4或5分应考虑活检。对于前列腺外周带疾病以前列腺外周带疾病以DWI结果为主结果为主,例如DWI评分为4分,T2WI评分为2分,则PI-RADS评分为4分;前列腺移行带疾病以前列腺移行带疾病以T2WI结果为主结果为主。1.1 移行带T2WI12345不均匀中等信号,边界清,”Organised Chaos”【自己:错落有致征】局限性低信号
3、或不均匀有包膜的结节(前列腺增生)边缘模糊,信号强度不均匀,包括其他不符合2、4或5分标准者呈透镜状或边界不清,均匀中度均匀中度低信号低信号,最大径最大径1.5cm【大小、形态、信号均匀度大小、形态、信号均匀度/强度、边缘强度、边缘】外周带T2WIT2:PI-RADS=1T2:PI-RADS=1T2:PI-RADS=2T2:PI-RADS=2T2:PI-RADS=4T2:PI-RADS=4T2:PI-RADS=5T2:PI-RADS=5T2:PI-RADS=4T2:PI-RADS=42.DWI12345ADC图和高b值图像上无异常ADC图模糊低信号。ADC图上呈局灶轻、中度低信号,在高b值DW
4、I上呈等、轻度高信号在ADC图上呈局灶明显低信号,在高b值DWI上呈明显高信号,轴面最大径=1.5 cm。影像表现同4分,但最大径1.5 cm良恶性良恶性ADCADC阈值阈值0.75-0.950.75-0.95【MR750MR750建议建议0.90.9】,最重要的一个阈值最重要的一个阈值!3.1 动态增强(DCE)-V1(弃用)2和3型曲线,局灶性病变+12和3型曲线,病变不对称+1个人建议:加入早期增强速率有一点个人建议:加入早期增强速率有一点参考价值参考价值1231 1型曲线:流入型型曲线:流入型 2 2型曲线:平台型型曲线:平台型 3 3型曲线:流出型型曲线:流出型DCE-MRI-V1D
5、CE:PI-RADS=1DCE:PI-RADS=1DCE:PI-RADS=2DCE:PI-RADS=2DCE:PI-RADS=3DCE:PI-RADS=33.2 动态增强(DCE)-V2DCE阴性阴性DCE阳性阳性1早期无强化;2弥漫性增强,在T2WI或DWI上无相应的局灶性表现;3对应病变在DWI上显示为前列腺增生特征,呈局灶性增强。具有上述三者之一判定为DCE阴性。局灶性局灶性,早于或与邻近正常前列腺组织同时强化,与T2WI和(或)DWI相应可疑病变符合。DCE的的主要作用是避免主要作用是避免遗漏小的病变遗漏小的病变当前列腺PZ的的DWI PI-RADS评分为评分为3分时分时,DCE阴性,
6、其PI-RADS评分仍为3分,但DCE阳性会引起有临床意义前列腺癌相关表现的可能性增加,其PI-RADS评分升至4分。DCE阳性或阴性对PI-RADS评分1、2、4、5分无影响。【自己:自己:增强形态学被忽视增强形态学被忽视增强形态学被忽视增强形态学被忽视,如移行带结节强化内部,如移行带结节强化内部,如移行带结节强化内部,如移行带结节强化内部“黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征”与与与与“黑白涂抹征黑白涂抹征黑白涂抹征黑白涂抹征”有价值有价值有价值有价值】增生结节增生结节腺癌腺癌“黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征黑白错落有致征”“黑白涂抹征黑白涂抹征黑白涂抹征黑
7、白涂抹征”4.MRS定性分析-V1(V2未纳入)12345枸橼酸峰超枸橼酸峰超过胆碱峰大过胆碱峰大于于2 2倍倍枸橼酸峰高枸橼酸峰高度高于胆碱度高于胆碱峰但小于其峰但小于其两倍两倍胆碱峰和枸胆碱峰和枸橼酸峰高度橼酸峰高度相等相等胆碱峰高于胆碱峰高于枸橼酸峰但枸橼酸峰但小于其两倍小于其两倍胆碱峰高度胆碱峰高度高于枸橼酸高于枸橼酸峰两倍峰两倍B值:如果信噪比足够高,b值取1 600 2 000 或更高,更有利于诊断。PI-RADS V2中建议,最小b值取100(而不是0),以便减少血流灌注对ADC值的影响。我院MR750:B值取100、1500、2100三个B值。无临床意义的前列腺癌不在V2评分范
8、围(指病理Gleason评6分以下、体积0.5 cm3、无包膜外侵犯),为潜伏癌或偶发癌,大多漏诊:外周带T2WI/DWI/DCE均可能显示,移行带仅靠DWI,故选择B值很重要,要1500以上,较低B值如800的T2透过效应严重。相当数量潜伏癌不发展成临床癌。PI-RADSPI-RADS与与“七剑术七剑术”对比对比项目项目PI-RADS“七剑术七剑术”1临床无【纯mpMRI】年龄、直肠指检、PSA等2部位外周带与移行带分别研究同左+对称与否+解剖细节破坏解剖细节破坏3影像T2WI大小、形态、信号均匀度与强度、边缘同左+边缘及周围细微结构破坏DWI-ADC大小、ADC值同左+ADC阈值+弥散受限
9、弥散受限“部位部位”+结合结合是否强化是否强化DCE找小病灶、外周带DWI3分升级、TIC同左+早期强化斜率早期强化斜率+强化内部形态学(黑强化内部形态学(黑白错落有致征、黑白涂抹征)白错落有致征、黑白涂抹征)4动态无动态思维贯穿每一项5诊断与鉴别快速入门,大众化易普及快速入门,大众化易普及诊断更细,鉴别范围更广,个性风格强,个性风格强,不易复制不易复制6治疗与预后4、5分需活检同左+ADC值反应侵袭性7随访隔几年出新版本不断优化自己的思维架构,思维更缜密、思维更缜密、新技术更容易与原有技术有机结合使用新技术更容易与原有技术有机结合使用PI-RADS标准很重要,但有缺陷!综合分析法可解决标准很
10、重要,但有缺陷!综合分析法可解决如何将如何将PI-RADS融入自己的思维架构融入自己的思维架构一、概述、解剖基础(解剖细节解剖细节)、检查技术二、将PI-RADS精髓融入自己的“七剑术”一、概述、解剖基础(解剖细节解剖细节)、检查技术概述概述前列腺癌是男性常见的恶性肿瘤之一。世界范围内,PCa患病率居男性恶性肿瘤第2位。我国PCa的患病率虽然远低于欧美国家,但近年来呈显著增长趋势。根据2013年的调查结果,1998年至2008年我国男性PCa患病率年均增加12.07%,这与,这与人口的老龄化、生活水平的提高有关。近来泌尿学专家对活检前的前列腺MRI检查和MRI导引下前列腺穿刺活检非常热门。约约
11、约约30%30%前列腺癌前列腺癌前列腺癌前列腺癌PSAPSA在正常范围内在正常范围内在正常范围内在正常范围内。个人建议个人建议3T-MRI平扫可作为筛查项目之一平扫可作为筛查项目之一,有可,有可,有可,有可疑异常,马上增强。疑异常,马上增强。疑异常,马上增强。疑异常,马上增强。解剖基础解剖基础基础决定高度!权威书籍或论文的解剖概念也混乱强调前列腺的解剖细节(如下面一组病例)3T-MR750高分辨率提供了最先进的武器一组病例提示:T2WI+DWI+DCE与单纯T2WI相比,并不能提高前列腺移行带癌的检出率和定位准确率。PI-RADS v2刘树伟主编的断层解剖学仅用“区”,未用“带”个人建议:仅用
12、个人建议:仅用“带带”细分。细分。如要用中央带+移行带,则两者=中央区?但少数论著中央区=中央带。中央腺体=内腺=移行带(+尿道周围腺),中央腺体易误为含有中央带(如上文)。Ex vivo T2-weighted image(4700/42)of the specimen,obtained at 9.4 T,shows highly cellular,compact dark tissue in the central gland(arrows)surrounding the urethra(U).(h)Photograph of a whole-mount reconstructed his
13、tologic section(original magnification,2;hematoxylin-eosin HE stain)of the midgland shows a large volume of tumor in the transition zone(outlined in green).Note the excellentcorrelation with the ex vivo image in g and the in vivo image in c,which show cancer of high cellular density in the transitio
14、n zone前列腺小囊为苗勒氏管盲端前列腺小囊为苗勒氏管盲端35P-周围带周围带C-中央带中央带T-移行带移行带A-前肌纤维质前肌纤维质U U-尿道尿道S-精囊精囊e -射精管射精管V-精阜精阜冠状层面,中央带呈八冠状层面,中央带呈八字形,更后层面呈字形,更后层面呈Y字形字形外周带明显高信号提示早期外周带明显高信号提示早期增生?因前列腺小管受压、增生?因前列腺小管受压、分泌液潴留分泌液潴留精阜精阜射精管射精管前列腺分区(本科室应统一,建议只用“带”)前列腺组织结构纤维肌肉基质区纤维肌肉基质区1/3腺体部分腺体部分2/3外周带外周带 70%中央带中央带 25%移行带移行带 5%-10%尿道周围区
15、尿道周围区1%中央带中央带起于精阜水平,向头侧方向扩展,直径逐渐增大,是前列腺基底部主要构成成分。由于中中央带内含较多致密的平滑肌组织央带内含较多致密的平滑肌组织,信号较低信号较低且均且均匀,注意与匀,注意与MT鉴别鉴别。移行带位于尿道的前、外侧,从精阜水平伸到膀胱颈水平,在横轴位上呈马蹄形。正常前列腺外周带的腺泡沿着尿道呈放射状分布,正常前列腺外周带的腺泡沿着尿道呈放射状分布,腺体和腺管结构丰富腺体和腺管结构丰富。诸诸前列腺管开口于精阜周前列腺管开口于精阜周围的尿道围的尿道。前列腺表面覆盖有两层被膜前列腺表面覆盖有两层被膜,内层称前列腺囊,为一坚韧的纤维肌性组织,紧包于前列腺表面。外层称前列
16、腺筋膜,为盆脏筋膜在前列腺囊周围增厚而成。前列腺血管动脉:膀胱下A、阴部内A、直肠下A.膀胱下动脉膀胱下动脉是前列腺的主要血液供应来源是前列腺的主要血液供应来源。膀胱下动脉在进入前列腺前又分为支,即前列腺被膜动脉和尿道前列腺动脉。前列腺外腺组的血供,主要由前列腺被膜动脉承担;尿道周围的腺体组织和前列腺深部组织,由尿道前列腺动脉供给。静脉:髂内V;与骶骨、腰椎和髂翼的静脉有交通;通过直肠上V汇入肝门静脉(可肝转移),因此,前列腺癌有腰骶部和髂部浸润时,为早期转移表现。淋巴:髂内、髂外T2WI:中央带及移行带腺体少,肌肉及间质致密,信号低;外周带腺体丰富,呈高信号外科假包膜:移行带与外周带之间有时
17、可见低信号条状影,为受压的外周带和中央带形成。前列腺包膜:外周带外周低信号、厚度约1mm的、由纤维肌肉组织构成的T1中等信号包膜。影像解剖前列腺MR正常前列腺的正常前列腺的MRI表现表现中央带中央带T2WI呈低信号,部分等信号;【自己观察到:多数情况下,DWI及及DCE与外与外周带相似周带相似】。尿道周围腺体T2WI呈低信号。52前肌纤维质前肌纤维质移行带移行带周围带周围带中央带中央带与与CA鉴别鉴别SLICE-553周围带(周围带(P)中央带(中央带(C)精囊(精囊(S)前肌纤维质前肌纤维质尿道尿道正中矢状面正中矢状面CPS54中央带中央带C周围带周围带P移行带移行带TCPTB旁正中矢状面旁
18、正中矢状面55周围带周围带中央带中央带精阜精阜精囊精囊冠状面冠状面PC中央带中央带CC注意:中央带中央带ADC值值低,约低,约1.0,与癌有,与癌有交叉交叉正常前列腺T1WI神经血管束 静脉检查技术检查技术前列腺MRI扫描前准备患者适度充盈膀胱。膀胱过度充盈会引起波动伪影,膀胱排空后不利于观察前列腺与膀胱壁的关系及膀胱壁受累情况。胃肠道内容物对前列腺图像质量影响严重,保证检查时直肠内清洁。若先行前列腺穿刺活检,则穿刺活检与MRI检查至少间隔6周以上。线圈的中心正对耻骨联合,下腹部垫以海绵垫,并束紧前后片线圈压迫小腹以抑制呼吸运动,不需要前片线圈的支架。男性前列腺男性前列腺规范化范化扫描方案描方
19、案13-pl Loc三平面定位2Asset Calibration校准扫描3Ax T2 fs FRFSE横断面脂肪抑制T2扫描4Ax DWI b=100、1500、2100横断面DWI扫描5Ax T1WI Full FOV大范围横断面T1扫描6OCor fs T2 FRFSE冠状面脂肪抑制冠状面脂肪抑制T2扫描描7OSag fs T2 FRFSE矢状面脂肪抑制矢状面脂肪抑制T2扫描描8Ax LAVA Mask横断面LAVA蒙片9Dyn Ax LAVA+C横断面LAVA动态增强10Sag LAVA+C矢状面LAVA增强邻近前列腺包膜有异常信号时,应加扫轴位邻近前列腺包膜有异常信号时,应加扫轴位T
20、2WI不压脂序不压脂序列。列。不压脂不压脂T2WI:Histopathologic findings confirmed extracapsular extensionAx DWI技术:PI-RADS V2中建议,最小b值取100 s/mm2(而不是0),以便减少血流灌注对ADC值的影响常规B值1500,或增加一个更高B值(2000以上,只要信噪比允许),有利诊断。一般情况下复制横断面T2定位像,注意,由于弥散序列使用ASSET,必须手动调节FOV大小,超过盆腔结构大小。必须添加局部匀场。频率编码为左右方向。若膀胱充满尿液,将会引起弥散图像伪影。早期病灶最好用HR-DWI-小FOVPitfal
21、l IX(lack of suppression of benign prostate tissue on standard high-b-value diffusion-weighted images):Impact of ultrahigh b values for tumor conspicuity in 61-year-old man who underwent prostate MRI after previous prostate biopsy showing Gleason 3+4 tumor in one core from left midgland peripheral z
22、one.A,T2-weighted image shows focal region of decreased signal intensity(arrow)in region of biopsy-proven tumor in left peripheral zone.B,Diffusion-weighted image at b=1000 s/mm2 shows diffuse hyperintensity throughout peripheral zone bilaterally(arrows).Left peripheral zone lesion is therefore not
23、readily apparent.C,Diffusion-weighted image at b=1500 s/mm2 shows greater suppression of signal intensity throughout peripheral zone with subsequent greater conspicuity of area of hyperintensity in region of left peripheral zone tumor(arrow)几年前上海市一几年前上海市一3T-HDxt用用B值值800,太多良性也明显,太多良性也明显高信号,高信号,MR750已
24、已改用改用1500扫描其他注意事项矢状位:尖部是前列腺癌的好发部位,底部的精囊腺根部是前列腺癌包膜外侵犯的好发部位。动态增强扫描一般不建议使用SCIC信号强度均匀性纠正技术。T2WI也不用SCIC二、将PI-RADS精髓融入自己的“七剑术”、临床 PSA 值u 正常正常:10ng/mll 可疑者1/3有癌,异常者2/3有癌l PSA20ng/ml很少能幸免于前列腺癌很少能幸免于前列腺癌l 结合TPSA、FPSA、FPSA/TPSA、PSAD等l 诊断 PCa 的敏感性为 75%,而特异性仅 40%l约约约约30%30%前列腺癌前列腺癌前列腺癌前列腺癌PSAPSA在正常范围在正常范围在正常范围在
25、正常范围内内内内 游离前列腺特异抗原游离前列腺特异抗原(fPSA)近来研究发现血清中PSA以不同的分子形式存在,血清中有少量未结合的PSA称游离PSA。它对区分BPH和前列腺癌有重要意义,测定fPSA可提高PSA诊断前列腺癌的特异性,结果认为fPSA比率72525,则可基本排除前列腺癌。如tPAS小于4,则fPSA比率无意义。、部位前列腺癌来源于前列腺的腺泡或导管上皮前列腺癌:外周带68%,移行带24%,中央带8%病变分布对称否大约有83-85%的前列腺癌呈多发性。PI-RADS将移行带和外周带分开独立评分(见前)Prostate cancer in a 43-year-old man wit
26、h a Gleason score of 4+3 and a PSA level of 90.5 ng/mL.Endorectal MR imaging was performed at 3.0 T.(a)T2-weighted image(4860/109)shows a voxel of interest(square)in the left peripheral zone.Although the left peripheral zone is enlarged compared with the right peripheral zone,it has no focal dark ar
27、eas.There are patchy dark abnormalities in the right peripheral zone.(b)MR spectroscopic spectrum from the voxel of interest shows a markedly elevated level of choline(Cho)(arrow)that is almost equal to the citrate(Ci)peak.Elevation of choline level with a decrease in citrate level is the spectral s
28、ignature of prostate cancer.Cr=creatine.(c)Color DCE MR map shows a large area of high permeability(Ktrans)occupying the entire left peripheral zone(arrows).(d)Axial image from a SPECT study with 111Inlabeled prostate monoclonal antibody(capromab pendetide ProstaScint;Cytogen,Princeton,NJ)shows avid
29、 uptake in the entire left prostate(arrow),a finding compatible with a large-volume prostate cancer.As seen in this case,some aggressive prostate cancers,even of large volume,may appear isointense on T2-weighted images;thus,morphologic imaging alone may not be able to show these tumors.Functional MR
30、 imagingMR spectroscopy and DCE MR imagingas well as antibody imaging accurately depicted this large prostate cancer.外周带两侧不对称提示病变外周带两侧不对称提示病变多发性多发性、影像(、影像(PI-RADS PI-RADS的应用的应用;解剖细节);解剖细节)1 1、PI-RADS PI-RADS的的应用应用:大小、形态、信号均匀度与强度、边缘(见前述评分法)。癌的信号改变:信号改变:细胞密度增加、腺管结构消失。2 2、解剖细节(、解剖细节(3T-MR3T-MR的最大优势)的最大
31、优势)破坏破坏外周带低信号的形态线状、楔形、地图状、弥漫性倾向于良性线状、楔形、地图状、弥漫性倾向于良性下例T2WI外周带基本对称弥漫不均匀信号减低(部分中度减低),DWI等及少部分轻度高信号(3分),DCE中度强化(+)。【PI-RADS 4分分】。病理为腺癌。自己认为:外周带弥漫性伴有中度以上强外周带弥漫性伴有中度以上强化应为待定、或可疑(化应为待定、或可疑(+)。前列腺腺癌:本例67岁,DWI呈等信号少部分轻度高信号,ADC1.0,TIC呈2型(a)Transverse and(b)coronal T2-weighted MR images in 59-year-old patientt
32、reated with high-intensity focused ultrasound shows thickened prostatic capsule(arrow)and extensive tissue fibrosis around the prostate(arrowhead).There is diffusely decreased volume in the peripheral zone with benign prostatic hyperplasia in the transition zone.前列腺外周带也可见增生前列腺外周带也可见增生60-year-old man
33、 with peripheral prostate cancer,with negative MR spectroscopy(MRS)imaging results and positive findings from T2-weighted imaging(T2WI),diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI),and dynamiccontrast-enhanced(DCE)MRI images.Patients prostate-specific antigen(PSA)level was 3.90 ng/mL,and his free-to-total PSA ra
34、tio was 7.5%.A,Axial T2WI scan shows low-signal-intensity nodular lesion(arrow)within left peripheral zone,suspicious for cancer.B,DCE-MRI images shows curve type 3 from region of interest of lesion(arrow)suspicious for cancer.C,MRS image shows normal metabolic curve within voxel from lesion(arrow).
35、D,Apparent diffusion coefficient map from DWI shows restricted diffusion from lesion(arrow),suspicious for malignant tumor.Biopsy was positive for prostate cancer within peripheral zone.不典型不典型类楔形类楔形MRS正正常常ADC明明显低信显低信号号59-year-old man with prostate cancer.A,Axial T2-weighted MR image shows subtle dec
36、rease in right peripheral zone subcapsular T2 signal intensity(arrow).B,Apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)map from diffusion-weighted imaging shows decreased ADC(arrow)corresponding to area in A,aiding visualization of abnormality.MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy showed Gleason 3+4 tumor in this region
37、.少见区域发生的Pca2 2、解剖细节解剖细节破坏破坏-破坏具动态感,特异性强破坏具动态感,特异性强真包膜:外隆/外侵,包膜增厚/僵直/接触面积,向内收缩外科包膜:跨界前肌纤维质:受侵中央带:受侵。其它结构破坏:含典型增生结节的假包膜破坏、纤维肌性分隔破坏、尿道、精阜、射精管、精囊腺根部、中央沟、苗勒氏管囊肿、血管神经束等巨大的移行带增生结节,压迫中央带变薄,使之参与形成外科包膜。外周带低信号分隔:呈放射状围绕尿道排列+少量网状分布,窄窗宽容易观察。移行带的移行带的解剖细节应用解剖细节应用癌与增生难鉴别时,反过来研究增生。常规窗+窄窗(移行带与外周带用不同的窄窗)。移行带增生内部信号:高信号腺
38、体增生与坏死的区别;低信号间质增生(纤维平滑肌增生)与瘤实质的区别。移行带增生:边缘T2WI无“擦木炭画征”,内部有“黑白错落有致征”。DCE结节内部强化 有“黑白错落有致征”正常及增生的正常及增生的解剖细节应用解剖细节应用移行带均匀低信号结节:边缘是否规则完整、模糊,与其他间质增生信号是否一样;内部低信号的程度,用窄窗宽观察【注意不同设备不同参数的正常表现】外周带:轻度低信号、边缘模糊,似磨玻璃样(窄窗宽可见更低信号分隔):慢性炎症间质增生结节:DWI轻中度高信号(ADC多在0.9-1.3),而癌DWI明显高信号、ADC多小于0.9手术病理证实为前列腺增生窄窗宽更好显示结节内部细节低信号间质
39、(平滑肌为主)增生结节周边环绕高信号提示良性高些?主要应结合主要应结合DWIADC本例该结节DWI中等高S,ADC约1.0。T2WI+DWI应评3分低信号结节与同侧增生间质信号相似或轻度降低,偏向良性,如中度降低则偏向MTT2WI评3分DWI评5分,总的T2WI应升为4分移行带癌T2WI:较均匀低信号边缘模糊擦木炭画征DWI高信号,ADC降低DCE流出型平台型MRSCho/Cr升高,Cit降低擦木炭画征前列腺前部穿刺活检易漏诊61-year-old man with prostate cancer(prostate-specific antigen level,6.6 ng/mL).A,Axi
40、al T2-weighted image shows faint hypointense lesion(arrow)in right anterior prostate gland.Score of 3 was assigned on T2-weighted image alone because lesionis indistinguishable from anterior fibromuscular stroma.B,On apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)map,lesion(arrow)shows hypointensity.Consequentl
41、y,score of 5 was assigned to interpretation of T2-weighted image and ADC map.C,Photograph of histologic step section reveals prostate cancer(outlined areas)in right anterior prostate gland.Comparison of cancerous anterior fibromuscular stroma and noncancerous anterior fibromuscular stroma.A and B,67
42、-year-old man with anterior prostate cancer.T2-weighted image(A)and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)map(B)show hypointense lesions(arrows)in middle of anterior prostate gland.C and D,68-year-old man with noncancerous anterior fibromuscular stroma.Although T2-weighted image(C)shows hypointense les
43、ion(arrows,C)in middle of anterior prostate gland,ADC map(D)does not show hypointensity in corresponding area(arrows,D).71-year-old man with bilateral peripheral and transition zone cancer with extracapsular extension(Gleason score,7;baseline prostate-specific antigen level,5.64 ng/mL).A,Photograph
44、of histopathologic specimen shows cancer(outlined area)in bilateral anterior peripheral and transition zones.Extensive extracapsular extension(blue)was found.B,On axial T2-weighted image,cancer(arrow)with homogeneously low signal intensity is seen in anterior aspect of prostate.Associated findings o
45、f contour bulging and indistinct margin indicate possibility of extracapsular extension.C,On axial apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)map,ADC value of cancer(outlined area)is 0.77 103mm2/S.移行带低信号结节移行带低信号结节:BPH与Pca1.内部:窄窗观察(与同侧邻近结节信号接近或仅轻度降低,或存在黑白相间),增强黑白错落有致征,为BPH。均匀则待定2.假包膜:完整更倾向于BPH,少数Pca也可。3.周围高信
46、号环绕:更倾向于BPH?Pca也可。4.周围解剖细节破坏,则为Pca。5.DWI:Pca的DWI高信号大于BPH,ADC有交叉,间质增生结节ADC多为0.9-1.36.Dyn-CE:只分阳性与阴性。7.减少活检,保护前列腺,应避免检出无临床意义的前列腺癌移行带移行带PcaPca的的MRIMRI平扫表现平扫表现早期移行带前列腺癌,所示病灶呈弥漫性低信号,外周带信号依然正常。这一例病灶已经出现了膀胱和精囊的侵犯征象。Biopsy-proved adenocarcinoma in a 72-year-old man.(a)Axial T2-weighted MR image shows a low-
47、signal-intensity lesion in the right lobe of the prostate(arrow).(b)ADC map shows a low ADC value in the lesion(arrow),a finding indicative of decreased diffusion.A targeted biopsy was performed.Prostatic cancer in 68-year-old man with prostate-specific antigen level of 19.3 ng/mL and negative findi
48、ngs on endorectal sonography-guided biopsy.Stage is T2b.No suspicious findings were seen on digital rectal examination or endorectal sonography.A and B,Axial and sagittal T2-weighted images(TR/TE,5,000/155 and 4,700/119;echo-train length,8)show uniform hypointense area with irregular margin in anter
49、ior location of inner gland,which extends toward anterior fibromuscular stroma(arrows).Heterogeneous decreased intensity area is seen in right peripheral zone.C,Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image(600/20)with fat suppression shows homogeneous enhancement of lesion at inner gland and enhancement of b
50、oth peripheral zones.D,Histopathologic specimen obtained at corresponding level reveals moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in anterior position of inner gland(arrow).Tumor size is 35 15 mm.Two small tumor foci indicating prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia are seen in background of both periph