精编临床心理学双语教学.pptx

Chapter 5Chapter 5Define and measure Define and measure stressstressShirley xieShirley xie20102010Contents:Measurement of stressSources of stressCoping with stress1Methods of measurementTwo broad categories:Physiological measures:stress is a biological response that can be measured much as any other biological response.Self-reports:measure either life events or daily hassles.Physiological measureone method of measuring stress uses various physiological and biochemical measures,including blood pressure,heart rate,galvanic skin response,respiration rate.Polygraphs:“lie detectors”Physiological measureA more common approach to the physiological measurement of stress is through its association with the release of hormones.Usually by testing hormones in blood or urine.Epinephrine and norepinephrineCortisolDisadvantage and advantage of Physiological measureDisadvantage:The mechanical and electrical hardware and clinical setting that are frequently used may themselves produce stress.Advantage:being direct,highly reliable and easily quantified.Self-report measuresLife-events scalesEveryday hassles scalesReliability and validity of stress measuresLife-events scalesSelf-report instruments:1950s-1960sSRRS:social readjustment rating scale,developed by Thomas H.Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967.Total scores:300 pointsHassles scalesLazarus(1981):Hassles scale:117 itemsUplift scale:138 itemsRevised hassles and uplift scales(1988)Hassles scale:53 itemsUplift scale:53 itemsMuch short and better predictive powerReliability and validity of stress measuresReliability:the consistency with which an instrument measures whatever it measures.Validity:the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure.Overreporting or underreporting problems2Sources of stressCataclysmic eventsLife eventsDaily hasslesCataclysmic eventsCataclysmic events:“sudden,unique,and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from population groups sharing the experience.”Unintentional events:such as natural disasters as hurricanes,typhoons,fires,tornadoes,floods,earthquakesIntentional events:such as kill large numbers of people and create stress,grief,and fear among survivors.Intentional acts seem to produce more widespread stress than do natural disasters.Life eventsLife events:when people are required to make some sort of change or readjustment,they feel stressed.Life events usually evolve more slowly.Daily hasslesThe stress brought on by daily hassles can originate from both the physical and the psychosocial environment.Urban press:the crowding,noise,pollution,fear of crime,personal alienation.DiscriminationPopulation density:a physical condition in which a large population occupies a limited space.Crowding:a psychological condition that arises from a persons perception of the high-density environment in which that person in confined.Daily hassles and psychosocial environmentThe stressors originate in the everyday social environment from sources such as community,workplace,and family interactions.Discrimination.High demand and low control in workplace.Multiple roles3Coping with stressCoping:strategies that individuals use to manage the distressing problems and emotions in their lives.Personal resources that influence copingPersonal coping strategiesPersonal resources that influence copingHealth and energyPositive beliefProblem solving skillsMaterial resourcesSocial skillsSocial supportSocial support refers to a variety of material and emotional supports a person receives from others.Social contacts and social networkSocial isolation:refers to an absence of specific,meaningful interpersonal relations.Stress-buffering hypothesisSocial support lessens or eliminates the harmful effects of stress and therefore protects against disease and death.Personal controlPersonal control:confidence that they have some control over the events that shape their lives.Julian Rotter:locus of controlInternal locus of control:people who believe that they control their own lives.External locus of control:people who believe that luck,fate,or the acts of others determine their lives.Personal hardinessKobasa and Maddi(1977):The hardy personality model:authentic,psychologically healthy people do not passively accept their fate,but rather seize and maintain control of their life.Personal coping strategiesProblem-focused coping:aimed to changing the source of the stress.Emotion-focused coping:oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress.Personal coping strategiesSocial coping:seeking support from othersMeaning-focused coping:the person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience.Personal coping strategiesProactive coping:involves anticipating a problem and taking steps to avoid it.Disadvantage:expending effort for an event that may not occur or may not be as stressful as anticipated.