自然地理学专业英语重点词汇教学内容.doc

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精品文档 01 地理学总论地理学统一地理学普通地理学系统地理学区域地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学体系地理环境 geography unified geography general geography systematic geography regional geography theoretical geography applied geography metageography physiography chorography paleogeogpraphy geographical system geographical environment 地理因子地理过程地理分布地理界线地理综合地理考察综合考察区域分析区域分异生存空间生存承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面 geographical factors geographical process geographical distribution geographical boundary geographical synthesis geographical survey integrated survey regional analysis regional differentiation living space life-carrying capacity environmental determinism catastrophe theory earth earth surface 地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体 epigeosphere geosystem geographical sphere landscape sphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere pedosphere biosphere geosphere noonsphere technosphere northern hemisphere southern hemisphere geoid 地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界线极昼极夜洲大陆洋 latitude longitude North Pole South Pole Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn equator time zone date line polar day polar night continent ocean sea 内陆地理单元区划带地带区域地区小区 inland geographical unit regionalization belt zone region area district 02 自然地理学自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地带垂直地带地带性 physical geography integrated physical geography general physical geography natural complex territorial natural complex physical geographic process natural potential productivity progressive factor relic factor three dimension zonality horizontal zone vertical zone zonality 非地带性水平地带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡山体效应综合自然区划雪带亚雪带高山亚高山山地 azonality horizontal zonality vertical zonality locality exposure adret, sunny slope ubac, shady slope Massenerhebungseffekt(德） , integrated physicogeographical regionalization nival belt subnival belt alpine subalpine mountains 荒漠荒漠化沙漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠戈壁绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地 desert desertification sandy desert rocky desert gravel desert argillaceous desert salt desert gobi oasis landscape science landscape facies natural landscape land 土地系统土地分类土地类型土地单元土地要素土地刻面刻面联合体土地属性生态地理学地生态学景观生态学生态系统生态平衡生态区域生态小区 land system land classification land type land unit land element land facet facet combination terrain characteristics ecogeography geoecology landscape ecology ecosystem ecological balance ecoregion ecodistict 生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可再生资源非可再生资源灾害地理学自然灾害 ecosection ecotope ecosite natural resources renewable resources nonrenewable resources hazard geography natural hazard 03 地貌学地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵 geomorphology landform geomorphochronology geomorphogenesis, landform genesis landform forming process climatic geomorphology dynamic geomorphology geomorphometry anthropogenic landforms plain lowland highland hill 山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地 mountain mountain range, mountain chain range, ridge peak, mount piedmont peninsula island archipelago strait isthmus altitude, height above sea level relative height mountain spur basin intermountain basin 山间盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地洼地坡地 intermountain basin mountain peak cliff, scarp piedmont plain plateau gorge, canyon valley ravine gully mountain forms orography terrace tableland, platform depression slope 坡度基岩地貌过程侵蚀[作用] 雨滴侵蚀剥蚀[作用] 刻蚀溶蚀冲刷片蚀溯源侵蚀下切侵蚀侧[向侵] slope, gradient bedrock geomorphological process erosion raindrop erosion denudation corrasion corrosion wash, erosion sheet erosion headward erosion downcutting, incision, vertical erosion lateral erosion 掏蚀侵蚀基[准]面总侵蚀基[准]面局部侵蚀基[准]面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌 undercutting base level of erosion general base level local base level knick point sedimentation, deposition deposition, accumulation deposit aggradation sedimentary facies generation of landforms landforms series base level landform assemblage positive landform 负地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蚀地貌夷平作用夷平面准平面剥蚀面山麓[侵蚀]面山麓侵蚀平面山顶面侵蚀循环回春作用 negative landform normal landform inverted landform inversion of landform erosional landform planation surface peneplain denudation suface erosion surface pediment pediplain summit plane erosion cycle rejuvenation 相关沉积地壳均衡新构造运动构造地貌学丹霞地貌构造高原构造阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面 correlated sediments isostasy neotectonic movement structural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology “Danxia” landform structural plateau structural terrace cuesta(西） mesa hogback ridge lineament fault scarp fault-line scarp triangular facet 断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化[作用] 物理风化[作用] 化学风化[作用] 生物风化[作用] 机械风化[作用] 差异风化[作用] 风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳 triangular facet fault valley block mountain volcano weathering physical weathering chemical weathering biological weathering mechanical weathering differential weathering regolith residual soil eluvium eluvium weathered crust 正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝粘土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝－氧化物－硫酸盐风化壳硅铝－铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥 orthoeluvial weathered crust clastic weathered crust siallite-clay weathered crust siallite-carbonate weathered crust siallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crust siallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crust exfoliation, desquamation exfoliation crumbling incrustation crumbling incrustation talus talus cone 山麓堆积坡积物坡水堆积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇 talus slope deposit deluvium soil creep collapse landslide, landslip debris flow mudflow rock fall fluvial geomorphology fluvial landform alluvium，alluvial deposit alluvium alluvial cone alluvial fan 洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山 proluvium，proluvial deposit proluvium proluvial fan river bed floodplain catchment area drainage area，basin waterdivide，divide，watershed braided stream meander natural levee channel bar，sand bar point bar ox-bow lake meander core，meander spur 河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘 river terrace river capture river offset river deflection wind gap longitudinal valley transverse valley wind erosion deflation sand dune crescent dune mobile dune，wandering dune fixed dune semifixied dune longitudinal dune 横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀洼地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层 transverse dune parabolic dune honeycomb dunes sand ridge wind-faceted stones，ventifact yardang sandstorm blowout pit deflation hollow playa rock fan inselberg desert varnish rock varnish desert pavement 黄土黄土地貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌学咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟 loess loess landform “yuan”，loess tableland “liang”，loess ridge “mao”，loess hill badland karst karst geomorphology karst landform karstification doline polje uvala sinkhole karren 干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞穴堆积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华沉积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学 dry valley shaft underground erosion cave deposit karst plain peak forest stone pinacles speleology pseudokarst parakarst sinter deposition tufa sea coast shore coastal geomorphology 海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩 marine erosion wave-cut notch sea cave abrasion platform sea cliff sea stack cape bench tidal flat tidal channel， tidal inlet tidal creek lagoon delta estuary coastal beach 滩脊滩脊[型]潮滩滩脊[型]潮滩平原沙嘴障壁坝滨外坝尖[形]滩尖[形]坝连岛坝陆连岛沿滨泥沙流海岸阶地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁 beach ridge chenier chenier plain sand spit barrier off-shore bar cuspate foreland tuspate bar tombolo tombolo island longshore drift coastal terrace，marine terrace eustatic movement coral reef fringing reef 堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海渊 barrier reef atoll continental shelf continental slope oceanic basin rise oceanic ridge guyot trench abyssal deep 04 气候学气候学气候气候资源太阳辐射反照射积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水平衡风向风速气候灾害 climatology climate climate resources solar radiation albedo accumulated temperature frost-free period precipitation evaporation aridity heat-water balance wind direction wind speed climate damage，climatic hazard 旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿害热害冻害冷害气候分类气候区划气候带气候区气候型赤道带热带 drought damage flood damage wind damage hail damage wet damage heat damage freezing damage cold damage climatic classification climatic regionalization climatic zone climatic region climatic type equatorial zone tropical zone 亚热带温带寒带湿润气候干燥气候热带雨林气候萨瓦纳气候森林气候草原气候荒漠气候苔原气候极地气候高原气候山地气候大陆度 subtropical zone temperate zone cold zone humid climate arid climate tropical rainforest climate savanna climate forest climate steppe climate desert climate tundra climate polar climate plateau climate mountain climate continentality 大陆性气候海洋性气候地中海气候地形气候学区域气候地方气候小气候气候系统行星风系信风季风梅雨台风寒潮海陆风 continental climate maritime climate Mediterranean climate topoclimatology regional climate local climate microclimate climatic system planetary wind system trade wind，trades monsoon Meiyu,，plum rain typhoon cold wave sea-land breeze 山谷风干热风焚风雨影气候变迁古气候历史气候年轮气候学物候学自然历城市气候城市热岛气候志 mountain-valley breeze dry-hot wind foehn rain shadow climatic change palaeoclimate historical climate dendroclimatology phenology natural calendar urban climate urban heat island climatography 05 水文地理学水文地理学水文学水体水团河流学水利学水利经济学水化学森林水文学都市水文学水文物理学古水文学土壤水文学 hydrogeography hydrology water body water mass potamology hydraulics hydroeconomics hydrochemistry forest hydrology urban hydrology hydrophysics palaeohydrology pedohydrology 水文情势水文过程水文测验流域形态流域分水线河道坡降河道等级闭合盆地河网密度总蒸发水平衡陆面蒸发水面蒸发分岔系数河源 hydrological regime hydrological process hydrometry watershed morphology basin divide channel gradient channel order closed basin drainage density evapotranspiration water budget，water balance land evaporation water surface evaporation fork factor headwaters 水道网支流过程线流量过程线分割瀑布水平降水水循环水量交换径流径流系数年正常径流量基流河床变形河流补给暴发洪水 hydrographic net tributary hydrograph separation of hydrograph waterfall horizontal precipitation water cycle water exchange runoff runoff coefficient annual normal runoff base flow river bed deformation river feeding flash flood 洪水流水过程层间流壤中流河流数目定律叠加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量产流汇流产沙率退水曲线径流模数产水量 flood fluvial processes interaquifer flow interflow law of stream numbers law of superposition discharge overland flow peak discharge runoff generation flow concentration rate of sediment production recession curve runoff modulus water yield 悬移质泥沙运动产沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持涝暴雨径流输沙能力径流变率地下水文学承压地下水水力传导度 suspended load sediment movement sediment yield water stage flood level warning stage water and soil loss water and soil conservation waterlogging storm flow transportability of sediments variability of runoff groundwater hydrology confined groundwater hydraulic conductivity 入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化 infiltration soil water aquifer artesian basin deep phreatic water fissured water water table mineral spring underground river saturation zone limnology lake hydrology lake current water quality lake eutrophication 人工湖盐湖咸水湖淡水湖构造湖层结湖季节性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖热湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆 man-made lake salt lake salt-water lake fresh water lake tectonic lake，structural lake stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lake alpine lake wandering lake warm lake brackish-water lake extinct lake holomixed lake lake circulation 湖水环流湖泊蓄水量冰川补给积雪水文学融雪水文学融雪径流有潮河口无潮海波浪侵蚀地下水库水资源供水水能 lake circulation lake storage alimentation of glacier alimentation of glacier snow hydrology snow runoff tidal estuary tideless sea wave erosion groundwater reservoir water resources Water supply hydropower 06 生物地理学生物地理学生物分布学生物分布分布区分布区中心分布区间断分布区型扩散中心残遗种区种群生物群生物地理群落生境 biogeography chorology biochores areal areak center areal disjunction areal type dispersal center refugium population biota biogeocoenosis habitat 小生境群落生境植物地理学植物区系生活型生活型谱水生植物湿生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群丛 niche，microhabitat biotope phytogeography flora life form life form spectrum hydrophyte hygrophyte mesophyte xerophyte indicator plant indicator community vegetation plant community association 群系植被型顶级群落演替针叶林泰加林落叶林常绿阔叶林硬叶林照叶林季[风]雨林雨林红树林苔原森林草原 formation vegetation type climax succession coniferous forest taiga deciduous forest evergreen broad-leaved forest sclerophyllous forest laurel forest monsoon forest rainforest mangrove tundra forest steppe 草原高草草原萨瓦纳普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限树线动物地理学动物区系地理阻障动物传布华莱士线动物群落泛北极 steppe prairie savanna puna meadow alpine krummholz upper forest limit timberline zoogeography fauna geographical barriers synzoochory wallace’s line animal community Holarctic 古北界新北界旧热带界新热带界东洋界澳洲界 Palaearctic Neoarctic Palaeotropic Neotropic Oriental Australasian 07 土壤地理学土壤地理学土被土链土壤组合土壤复区土壤气候土壤资源土壤退化土壤侵蚀古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤 pedogeography soil mantle soil catena soil association soil complex soil climate soil resources soil degradation soil erosion paleosoil forest soil desert soil desert soil 高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤顶级土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黄壤红壤砖红壤黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土灰漠土棕漠土 high mountain soil young soil mature soil climax soil podzolic soil brown earth cinnamon soil yellow earth red earth laterite chernozem chestnut soil brown soil gray desert soil brown desert soil 盐土碱土 solonchak solonertz 08 化学地理学化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观从属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观 chemical geography landscape geochemistry geochemical landscape autonomic landscape auxiliary landscape eluvial landscape superaqual landscape subaqual landscape 水成景观单元景观生源景观非生源景观大气迁移水迁移生物迁移机械迁移化学迁移标型元素标型化合物标型离子化学剥蚀 aqueous landscape，aqual landscape elementary landscape biogenic landscape abiogenic landscape aerial migration aqueous migration

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