shelley-and-keats.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Percy,Bysshe,Shelley (1792-1822),Alastor,written 1815,was followed by the epic,The Revolt of Islam,and by 1818 Shelley was living in Italy.Here he produced,The,Cenci,;the satire on Wordsworth,Peter Bell the Third,1819;and,Prometheus Unbound,.Other works of the period are,Ode to the West Wind,1819;,The Cloud,and,The Skylark,both 1820;,The Sensitive Plant,and,The Witch of Atlas,;,Epipsychidion,and,on the death of the poet Keats,Adonais,1821;the lyric drama,Hellas,1822;and the prose,Defence,of Poetry,1821.,Shelleys Works,Death,In July 1822 Shelley was drowned while sailing near,Viareggio,and his ashes were buried in Rome.,Definitions of Ode,a.Ode,An ode is a poem of celebration.,The,Horatian,ode(named for the classical Roman poet Horace)is regular-each stanza has the same form.The Pindaric ode(named for the Greek poet,Pindar,)is irregular-an inconsistent number of feet in each verse,for instance,or variation from stanza to stanza.,b.Ode,A poem in praise of something divine or expressing some noble idea.,O wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumns being,Thou,from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven,like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow,and black,and pale,and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thou,Who,chariotest,to their dark wintry bedThe winged seeds,where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave,until,Thine,azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion oer the dreaming earth,and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and,odours,plain and hill:Wild Spirit,which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and preserver;hear,O hear!,Ode to the West Wind,Make me thy lyre,even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness.Be thou,Spirit fierce,My spirit!be thou me,impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike withered leaves,to quicken a new birth;And,by the incantation of this verse,Scatter,as from an,unextinguished,hearthAshes and sparks,my words among mankind!Be through my lips to,unawakened,earthThe trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?,Ode to the West Wind,Ode to the West Wind is Shelleys most famous short poem.It is an invocation,（符咒）,for an unseen force to take control and revive life.It was first composed on October 19,1819,inspired by a walk in woodland near Florence,and it was first published in August,1920 with,Prometheus Unbound.,Ode is unique in its structure and its use of the complicated,terza,rima,（三行诗节）,which has a rhyme scheme of,aba,-,bcb,-,cdc,ded,-,ee,.Each of the five stanzas of the poem is composed of fourteen lines;four,tercets,and a couplet.This gives each stanza a compactness and solidarity unto itself.,Interpretation,The personal conflicts explain the imagery of death and decay in the first stanza of the poem.The poem calls for a mythical power to inspire and induce change or a new Birth.It is about the regenerative powers of Nature to bring forth not only new life but also poetic inspiration.The call for inspiration comes in the form like a prayer,not to a Christian God,but to an unseen spiritual force which has the same omnipresence and power as a god.,Shelleys original drafts of Ode had marked differences from the way readers see it today.The notebooks show that the original last line to the poem ended not in a question but in an assertion,When Winter comes,Spring lags not far behind!However,Shelley later changed this statement into a rhetorical question,O Wind/If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?By ending with a question,Shelley draws in the reader to develop their thoughts on the creative process and of political change.The last line shows Shelleys optimism about Spring and regeneration.,Interpretation,At his time,Shelley was known more for his radical philosophical and political views than for his poetry.While his political and philosophical views were determined before he was twenty,it is his poetry that he is most remembered for;his beautiful,elegic,lyrical poetry and lines make him a scion of the Romantics.During his life,Shelley seemed to have been torn between following his poetical pursuits or his philosophical ones;his wife,Mary Shelley,writes that her husband deliberated at one time whether he should dedicate himself to poetry or metaphysics,and he resolved on the former.However,Shelley found an equilibrium in which he was able to incorporate both.His poems seldom do not represent some sort of philosophical ideology.,Interpretation,Unit 4,John Keats(1795-1821),John Keats,A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:Its loveliness increases;it will never,Pass into nothingness.,Endymion,.Book i.,Critical reception of his poetry:,-not much read during his lifetime,-harshly judged by critics,-belief arose that negative criticism hastened his death(see Norton p.767 for refutation of this theory),-Keats wrote to his brother George I think I shall be among the English poets after my death,-but wrote this for his own epitaph:Here lies one whose name was writ in water,-reputation(like Blakes)established by later Victorians,-Tennyson considered him the greatest poet of the 19th C,-the Victorian critic Arthur,Hallam,(editor and close friend of Tennyson)contrasted Keats and Shelley as poets of sensation with Wordsworth as a poet of reflection,-literary criticism at first echoed this judgment,focusing on the philosophical implications of Wordsworths writing,but limiting discussion of Keats to the aesthetic aspects of his poetry,-Keats began to be treated as a serious thinker and literary theorist with the publication of his letters in the twentieth century(see Norton p.828),Poetic Theory(Letters),Keats did not,like Wordsworth,articulate a formal poetic theory,but he wrote informally to his friends about the ideas that most excited him:the imagination,the relation between thought and sensation,the poets identity.,Definitions of Ode,a.Ode,An ode is a poem of celebration.,The,Horatian,ode(named for the classical Roman poet Horace)is regular-each stanza has the same form.The Pindaric ode(named for the Greek poet,Pindar,)is irregular-an inconsistent number of feet in each verse,for instance,or variation from stanza to stanza.,b.Ode,A poem in praise of something divine or expressing some noble idea.In Ode on a Grecian Urn,English poet John Keats expresses his appreciation of the beauty and agelessness of a work by a Grecian artisan.,Ode on a Grecian Urn,I,1,Thou,still,unravishd,bride of quietness,2Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,3Sylvan historian,who canst thus express,4A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:,5What leaf-,fringd,legend haunts about thy shape,6Of deities or mortals,or of both,7,In Tempe or the dales of,Arcady,?,8What men or gods are these?What maidens,loth,?,9 What mad pursuit?What struggle to escape?,10What pipes and,timbrels,?What wild ecstasy?,11Heard melodies are sweet,but those unheard,12Are sweeter;therefore,ye soft pipes,play on;,13Not to the sensual ear,but,more,endeard,14Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone:,15Fair youth,beneath the trees,thou canst not leave,16Thy song,nor ever can those trees be bare;,17Bold Lover,never,never canst thou kiss,18Though winning near the goal yet,do not grieve;,19She cannot fade,though thou hast not thy bliss,20For ever wilt thou love,and she be fair!,II,21happy,happy boughs!that cannot shed,22Your leaves,nor ever bid the Spring adieu;,23And,happy melodist,unwearied,24For ever piping songs for ever new;,25More happy love!more happy,happy love!,26For ever warm and still to be,enjoyd,27For ever panting,and for ever young;,28All breathing human passion far above,29That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and,cloyd,30A burning forehead,and a parching tongue.,III,31Who are these coming to the sacrifice?,32To what green altar,O mysterious priest,33Leadst thou that heifer lowing at the skies,34And all her silken flanks with garlands,drest,?,35What little town by river or sea shore,36Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,37Is emptied of this folk,this pious morn?,38And,little town,thy streets for evermore,39Will silent be;and not a soul to tell,40Why thou art desolate,can,eer,return.,IV,41,O Attic shape!Fair attitude!with,brede,42Of marble men and maidens overwrought,43With forest branches and the trodden weed;,44,Thou,silent form,dost tease us out of thought,45As doth eternity:Cold Pastoral!,46When old age shall this generation waste,47Thou,shalt,remain,in midst of other woe,48Than ours,a friend to man,to whom thou,sayst,49,Beauty is truth,truth beauty,-that is all,50Ye know on earth,and all ye need to know.,Interpretation,In the first stanza,the speaker,standing before an ancient Grecian urn uses apostrophe when he speaks to the urn as if it is alive.,The speaker describes the pictures as if they are frozen in time.It is the still,unravishd,bride of quietness,foster-child of silence and slow time.He speaks to the urn and not about the urn,he treats the urn like it is listening to him like a human.He also describes the urn as a historian,which can tell a story.He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn,and asks what legend they portray,and where they are from.Keats uses an oxy moron,unravishd,bride meaning a virgin bride,a bride who has not been taken though she is married.,In the second stanza,the speaker looks at another picture on the urn,this time of a young man playing a pipe,lying with his love beneath a tree.The speaker says that the pipers unheard melodys are sweeter than to a mortals ear or melody,because they are unaffected by time.Though he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time,He should not grieve because her beauty will never fade.,In the third stanza,he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers,and feels happy that,they will never shed their leaves;he is happy for the piper because his songs will be for ever new,and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will last forever,unlike mortal love,which slowly turns into breathing human passion,and eventually vanishes,leaving behind only a burning forehead,and a parching tongue.,In the fourth stanza,the speaker examines another picture on the urn,this one of a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed.He wonders where they are going To what green altar,O mysterious priest.,and where they have come from.He imagines their little town,without the villagers,and tells it that its streets will for evermore be silent,for those who left it,frozen on the urn,will never return.,In the last stanza,the speaker again addresses the urn itself,saying that it,like,Eternity,doth tease us out of thought.He thinks that when his generation is long dead,the urn will remain,telling future generations its,puzzleling,story or lesson.,The final two lines in the poem Beauty is truth,truth beauty that is all Ye know on earth,and all ye need to know could mean that Keats didnt really know the real truth and believed that beauty and truth was the truth to him alone,and it couldnt be argued because there is no,definate,truth.That is as true as anything.,The Keats-Shelley Memorial House,The Keats-Shelley House is the pink building on the right.,The Piazza,di,Spagna,Rome,I think I shall be among the English Poets after my death,John Keats soberly prophesied in 1818 as he started writing the blank verse epic,Hyperion,.Today he endures as the archetypal Romantic genius who explored the limits of the imagination and celebrated the pleasures of the senses but suffered a tragic early death.Edmund Wilson counted him as one of the half dozen greatest English writers,and T.S.Eliot has paid tribute to the Shakespearean quality of Keatss greatness.Indeed,his work has survived better than that of any of his contemporaries the devaluation of Romantic poetry that began early in the 20th century.,Assessment,