中考英语专项复习专题一：名词.docx

中考专项复习专题一：名词1.名词语法的基本框架2.名词语境辨析3.名词的正确形式填空4.名词词组填空5.名词在句子中运用6.名词语篇填空1名词语法基本框架名词的数1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s 所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed名词单复数的判断1.如何判定是可数名词还是不可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如：desk，desks；可数名词前面可以被基数词，不定冠词（a/an），many修饰，如：three boys，an apple, many students。2.如何判定是不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式，如：tea，meat；不可数名词，若表示数量，可用量词加不可数名词，如：a piece of paper, two cups of tea。3.常见的名词修饰词只修饰可数名词的修饰语few 几乎没有a few 有几个several 有几个many 很多a couple of 两个a number of 若干a great/large number of 许多只修饰不可数名词的修饰语little很少，几乎没有a little有一点儿much很多a good/great deal of很多a bit of有一点儿a large amount of大量的既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语some 一些a lot of 很多lots of 很多plenty of 充足的enough 足够的most 大多数的hardly any 几乎没有the rest of 剩下的名词拓展1.voice, noise, soundvoice指人的说话声或唱歌声,指人的“嗓音”;noise是“吵闹声、噪音”,指不悦耳的声音;sound指自然界中的任何声音。2.work与jobwork是不可数名词,指需花费体力和脑力的工作;job是可数名词,多指“零工”或“短工”。例:a part-time job一份兼职工作;out of work 失业3.family, home, housefamily强调整体,指“家、家庭”时,谓语动词用单数;强调个人,指“家庭成员”时,谓语动词用复数;不用于指住房。home强调家的概念,指人们生活居住的地方,也指出生的国家或城市;house意为“房屋、住宅”,侧重房屋本身。例:My family is a big family.我家是个大家庭。(强调整体)All my family were watching TV when Tom came in.(强调家庭成员)汤姆进来时,我们全家人都在看电视。Tom considers Beijing to be his second home.汤姆把北京视为他的第二故乡。I bought a house with a big garden two years ago.两年前我买了个带大花园的房子。4.place,room和spaceplace意为“地点、地方”,为可数名词,指某一具体地点。room作“房间”讲,是可数名词;作“空间”讲,是不可数名词,指供某物、某人或某个活动使用的空间。space空间,表示万物存在之处,与time(时间)为相对概念。2名词语境辨析1.Ms. Liu gave us some useful _ on how to prepare for the exam. They really helped me a lot.A. advantages B. expressionsC. suggestions D. experiences【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意为：刘老师给了我们一些关于如何准备考试的有用的_。它们真的帮助了我许多。advantages优点; expressions表达;suggestions建议;experiences经历。此处指有用的建议，故选C。2.Many high school students want to go abroad for further _.A. surprise B. achievementC. education D. satisfaction【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多高中生想去国外接受进一步的_。surprise惊喜，惊讶;achievement成就;education教育; satisfaction满意。结合句意可知此处是指去国外深造。故选C。3.Peter didnt tell his parents that he would go home because he wanted to give them a _.A. note B. surpriseC. call D. gift【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意为：彼得没有告诉父母他将要回家，因为他想给他们一个_。note便条；surprise惊喜；call电话；gift礼物。give sb. a surprise“给某人一个惊喜”。根据语境可知，此处指的是“给父母一个惊喜”。故选B4.In the center of the square stands a statue which is the _ of our school.A. light B. bookC. symbol D. star【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意为：在广场中间有一座雕像，它是我们学校的_。light灯；book书；symbol象征，标志；star星星，明星。结合句意可知，雕像应该是学校的一个标志。故C。5.Bill will be a(n) _ to interview the football players in the coming Tokyo Olympics in 2020.A. doctor B. reporterC. tourist D. engineer【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意为：比尔将作为一名_在即将来临的2020年东京奥运会上采访足球运动员。doctor医生；reporter记者；tourist游客；engineer工程师。采访一般是记者做的事，故选B。总结：名词语境辨析：名词词义辨析是必考点。其中，单选和完形必考，每年单选考查1道，完形1-2道。1.对于名词语境辨析,考生应考虑从以下方面解题：（1）分析语境和逻辑关系；（2）掌握四个选项的含义；（3）将选项筛选、排除或代入题干中；（4）确定最终答案。此外，也可结合生活经验、知识积累来推测出空格处所要表达的意思。1.I want to borrow some books. Would you like to go to the _ with me?A. cinema B. library C. park D. station方法点拨第步：根据四个选项电影院、图书馆、公园、车站可知是有关地点类的名词辨析；第步：根据前句中“borrow some books”可知跟书有关，锁定“图书馆”这个答案。故正确答案为B。该命题点主要涉及对职业类、抽象类、时间类、植物类、动物类、场所类及身体部位类名词等的考查常见的同类名词列举如下1）职业和称谓类artist艺术家dancer舞蹈家doctor医生driver司机father父亲husband丈夫mother母亲nurse护士player运动员scientist科学家singer歌手student学生teacher老师wife妻子woman女士worker工人writer作家（2）抽象类chance机会character角色color颜色date日期decision决定dream梦想experience经验height高度hope希望interest兴趣kindness友好life生活meaning意思mind思想price价格question问题secret秘密sense感觉shape形状style风格thought想法time时间truth真相way方式，路(3)时间类afternoon下午century世纪day一天hour小时month月minute分钟morning早晨night夜晚season季节second秒today今天week周weekend周末year年yesterday昨天（4）植物类bamboo竹子bean豆corn玉米flower花grass草leaf树叶plant植物rose玫瑰tree树5）动物类animal动物bear熊bird鸟cat猫cow奶牛deer鹿dog狗monkey猴子snake蛇（6）场所类airport机场bank银行bookshop书店cinema电影院classroom教室college大学home家lab实验室street街道（7）身体部位类arm手臂body身体ear耳朵eye眼睛face脸finger手指foot脚hand手head头leg腿mouth嘴巴neck脖子nose鼻子shoulder肩膀tooth牙齿（8）语言学习类conversation对话discussion讨论lesson课程letter字母mark分数note笔记part部分rule规则word单词（9）饮食类banana香蕉beef牛肉biscuit饼干candy糖果carrot胡萝卜coffee咖啡egg鸡蛋dumpling饺子sugar糖（10）情感类anger生气danger危险fear恐慌joy喜悦pity遗憾pleasure愉快pride自豪trouble麻烦名词语境和单复数辨析名词语境和单复数混合辨析考查频率较低，选项中既含单数名词又含复数名词，对于考生有一定的难度，所以考生可从以下四个方面备考：（1）根据句中空前的修饰词来判断单复数。空前有不定冠词a/an修饰，或者有定冠词the修饰时，可确定用名词单数；空前有表示复数概念的限定词修饰，如不定代词及一些固定短语（many，some，a few, few, a number of，several)、数词（除one外）等时，可确定空格处要用名词的复数形式，通过这一点可以排除1-2个选项；空前有much，a little，little等词时，可确定空格处要用不可数名词；空前有a lot of，some等词时，空格处可数名词和不可数名词都有可能。（2）根据上下文语境及空格后的动词单复数形式来判断。系动词为are或were时，名词为可数名词复数；系动词为is或was时，名词为可数名词单数或不可数名词；动词是原形时，名词时用复数；动词是第三人称单数形式时，名词为不可数名词或可数名词单数。（3）根据生活常识，一些名词常以复数形式出现，如：trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，scissors剪刀，chopsticks筷子等。（4）根据一些特定的句型结构来判断。如“one of+the+可数名词复数”表示“是之一”。3用所给名词的适当形式填空名词的构词1.n.+-istpianopianist sciencescientistviolinviolinistartartist2.n.+-ianmusicmusician3.n.+erfarmfarmer workworker4.v+ ment 结尾achieve-achievementadvertise- advertisement/ advertisingagree (in )agreementargue-argumentdevelop-developmentdisgreedisagreement5.V+ tion 结尾attract吸引attraction 有吸引人concludeconclusion 结论competecompetition 竞争，比赛discussdiscussion 讨论educate-educationdecide-decisionexpress 表达-expression 词语；表达方式graduate 毕业graduationoperate 操作，动手术operationorganize-organizationinventinventor / inventioninviteinvitationpollute-pollution 污染pronounce -pronunciationpermit 允许-permissionsuggest-建议，暗示-suggestion6.V+ ance 结尾appearappearance 外貌 ，出现perform-performance 演出7.V+ ing 结尾bathe 洗澡-bathingend 结束-ending 结尾，结局train 训练-trainingmean - meaning 意义say-saying 谚语8.V+ 其他behave 行为，举止-behaviorknow 知道-knowledge 知识flyflight 飞行heat 加热-heat 热量press 按，压pressure 压力sit-seat 座位succeed- successtour 旅游/ tourist 游客中考试练1. A seat belt can help protect passengers in many car _. (accident)【答案】accidents【解析】句意：安全带能在很多汽车事故中帮助保护乘客。accident为可数名词，其前有many修饰。故填accidents。2.About 1,200 _who were born in Jiangsu attended the first Jiangsu Development Summit in Nanjing.(guest)【答案】guests【解析】句意：大约有1200名出生在江苏的嘉宾在南京参加了第一届江苏发展首脑会议。根据1200可知应用名词复数形式。故填guests。3.Many _ have set good examples for us to follow.(hero)【答案】heroes【解析】句意：很多英雄都为我们树立了可供效仿的良好的榜样。Many 很多，后跟名词复数形式。hero的复数形式为“heroes”。故填heroes。4.The _ faces were a sight, covered with dust.(boy)【答案】boys【解析】句意：这些孩子们的脸就是一道风景，布满尘土。根据空格后面的名词faces,可知此处填名词所有格。又因为face是复数形式，因此boy也应该用复数。故填boys。5.I dont like soap operas because I think they are _.(meaning)【答案】meaningless【解析】句意：我不喜欢肥皂剧因为我认为它们是_。meaning意为“意义”，根据句意可知，肥皂剧是没有意义的。故填meaningless。6.March 8th is _ Day. (woman)【答案】Womens【解析】句意：3月8日是妇女节。Womens Day意为“妇女节”，用woman的复数所有格，并且节日要为专有名词，首字母应大写。故填Womens。7.There are some _ and pens on Wang Juns desk.(knife)【答案】knives【解析】句意：在王军的桌子上有几把刀子和几支钢笔。根据空前some可知此处需填可数名词复数或不可数名词。故填knives。8.Drivers should drive more slowly on _ days.(rain)【答案】rainy【解析】句意：司机应该在下雨天开得更慢。根据空格后days可知，空格处应该填形容词，故填rainy。9.The skirt is very _, and Lucy really likes it.（beauty）【答案】beautiful【解析】句意：这件裙子非常漂亮，露西真的很喜欢它。分析句子成分可知此处需填形容词作表语，故填beautiful。10.I think _ are really popular with many people in our hometown.(potato)【答案】potatoes【解析】句意为：我觉得土豆在我们家乡真的受很多人的欢迎。由于空后系动词为are，故主语应为名词复数形式。故填potatoes。11.In the _ Chinese calendar, each year is given a name of 12 kinds of animals.（tradition）【答案】traditional【解析】句意为：在中国_日历中，每年都被命名为十二生肖中的一种。分析句子可知，此处需要形容词来修饰名词词组Chinese calendar。故填traditional。12.It is said that a _ bridge will be built over the river in the mountain village soon.（wood）【答案】wooden【解析】句意为：据说这个山村很快将要在这条河上建一座_桥。空处需用形容词来修饰名词bridge。故填wooden。13.My classmates like Wang Tao very much because he is _.(humor)【答案】humorous【解析】句意为：我的同学非常喜欢王涛因为他幽默。根据空前的is提示可知，此处应用形容词。故填humorous。14.His dream to be an _ has come true and he sets a good example for us.（art）【答案】artist【解析】句意为：他成为一名_的梦想已经实现，并且为我们树立了一个好榜样。结合句意并根据所给提示词可知，此处是指成为“艺术家”。故填artist。15 She often provides food and clothes for the _ children.（home）【答案】homeless【解析】句意为：她经常给_孩子提供食物和衣服。结合句意可知，此处是指“无家可归的孩子”，应填形容词。故填homeless。16.After two _ holiday, we came back to work full of energy.（day）【答案】days【解析】句意：在两的假期过后，我们能量满满地回来工作。这里需要一个定语修饰名词holiday, 故用名词所有格形式，又因前面的two，可知应用复数名词所有格，故填days。17.Dont leave the water running when you brush your _.（tooth）【答案】teeth【解析】句意：当你刷牙的时候不要让水流着。牙齿一般以复数形式出现，所以需填tooth的复数形式teeth。18.Hanzhong is in the _ part of Shaanxi province.(south)【答案】southern【解析】句意为：汉中在陕西省的南部。part为名词，需要形容词修饰。故填 southern。19. On _ Day, I bought a red scarf for my mother and she was glad to get it.(mother)【答案】Mothers【解析】句意：在母亲节那天，我给妈妈买了一条红围巾,她非常开心拥有它。母亲节译为Mothers Day，为固定表达。故填Mothers。20.The railway system _ depended on the plan used in other countries.(success)【答案】successful【解析】句意：这个铁路系统是依照其他国家所使用的已成功的计划制定的。分析句子结构可知此处需用形容词successful修饰plan，所以需把名词success变为形容词successful。故填successful。4名词短语总结：名词短语是词组翻译题型的必考点，考生必须在日常学习中多积累相关词汇。中考常考名词短语有名词+名词和形容词+名词两种形式。1.名词作定语修饰名词，前一个名词一般用单数或不可数名词，如：tea art茶艺。但也有名词复数作定语的例外情况，如：sports meeting, students reading-room。注意man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数由所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：a man worker, women scientists。常见名词+名词短语：country music乡村音乐basketball club篮球俱乐部animal world动物世界family member家庭成员table manners餐桌礼仪tea art茶艺soccer/football dream足球梦junk food垃圾食品after-sales service售后服务train/railway station火车站Wednesday morning周三早上city library市图书馆book lover读书爱好者family member家庭成员basketball player篮球运动员pencil box铅笔盒telephone number电话号码clothes store服装店host family寄宿家庭常见形容词+名词短语：Chinese chess中国象棋long history悠久的历史green city绿色城市red sweater红毛衣top student尖子生traditional culture传统文化white clouds白云comfortable home舒适的家big deal重要的事natural environment自然环境social problem社会问题good grades好成绩high speed高速daily life日常生活中考试练1.We are going to a _ to buy some snacks on Saturday. (百货商店)【答案】department store【解析】句意为：我们在星期六准备去百货商店买一些零食。百货商店可译为department store。前面是 a,故用单数department store。2.Though Alex is an American, he likes _ very much. (中国食物)【答案】Chinese food【解析】句意为：尽管亚历克斯是一位美国人，但他非常喜欢中国食物。中国食物Chinese food。3._ is one of the most important things for students all the time.（学校安全）【答案】School safety【解析】句意为：对于学生来说“学校安全”一直是最重要的事情之一。school safety意为“学校安全”，句首单词首字母应大写。故填School safety。4.Dont play _ all the time. Pay attention to your study.(电脑游戏)【答案】computer games【解析】句意为：别一直玩游戏。注意你的学业。电脑游戏computer games。5.In the _ last year, all the members got along well with each other.(夏令营)【答案】summer camp【解析】句意为：在去年的夏令营中，所有成员都相处融洽。夏令营summer camp。6.This documentary helps us know more about the _ in America.(学校生活)【答案】school life【解析】句意为：这部纪录片帮助我们更多地了解了美国的学校生活。学校生活school life。7.These _ are not that difficult. I can work them out.(物理题)【答案】physics problems【解析】句意为：这些物理问题没有那么难。我可以做出来。物理题physics problem，再根据These可知应填复数形式。故填physics problems。8.The Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Chinese _.(古诗)【答案】poems【解析】句意为：唐代是中国古诗的黄金时代。古诗可译为ancient poem，古诗不止一首，故用复数。9.Because of the _， Jim was late for the meeting.(暴雨)【答案】heavy rain【解析】句意为：因为暴雨，吉姆开会迟到了。暴雨heavy rain。10.The _ Tom in our school has been here for three years.(外教)【答案】foreign teacher【解析】句意为：我们学校的外教汤姆已经来这儿三年了。外教foreign teacher。5名词在句子中运用一、完成句子1.为了提高写作能力，我坚持写日记。In order to improve my writing, I stick toa diary.2.孩子们，请深吸一口气，放松自己。Please take a deepand relax, kids.3.不要害怕犯错误。Dont be afraid of.4.这里有一些如何掌握电脑技能的建议。Here are someon how tothe computer skills.5.商店里有许多种水果。There are manyofin the6.大黄和他的朋友们昨天买了两