语言学第一章.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Welcome to Linguistics,The Goals for this Course,1.To get a scientific view on language;,2.To understand some basic theories on linguistics;,3.To understand the applications of the linguistic theories,especially in the fields of language teaching,4.To prepare for the future research work,The Requirements for this course,Class attendance,Classroom performances,Fulfillment of the assignment(memory of basic concepts is required),Examination,Reference Books,Linguistics H.G.Widdowson,语言学,牛津语言学入门丛书,上海外语教育出版社，,2000,Linguistics:An Advanced Course Book,语言学高级教程,胡壮麟,姜望琪主编,北京大学出版社,The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Second Edition),David Crystal,剑桥语言百科全书,Study Methods,1 Combination of Macroscopic and Microscopic Perspective,宏观与微观相结合,2.Combination of Understanding and Memory,Theory and Practice,理解与记忆相结合,;,理论与实践相结合,3.Combination of Comparison and Contrast,比较与对比相结合,4.Combination of Reading and Exercises,阅读与练习相结合,Lecture I Introduction to the Course,Linguistics&English linguistics,Linguistics,is a,scientific,study of language.It is a major branch of social science.,English linguistics,is,a,scientific study of English language.,1.language,1.1 Why study language?,A tool for communication,An integral part of our life and humanity,If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language,we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.,1.2 What is language?,1.2.1 different senses of language,what a person says(concrete act of speech),Human:,A featherless biped,(two-footed)animal,Plato,Definition of Human,Sapir(1921):,Language is a,purely human,and non-instinctive method of,communicating,ideas,emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily produced,symbols,.,Hall,(1968,Essay on Language):Language is the,institution,whereby humans,communicate,and,interact,with each by means of habitually used,oral-auditory symbols,.,Trager,(1942:,Outline of Linguistic Analysis,):A language is a,system,of arbitrary,vocal symbols,by means of which a social group co-operates.,Definition of Language,Definition of Language,Language,is a,system,of,arbitrary vocal symbols,used for,human,communication.,A system-,-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules.They cannot be arranged at will.,e.g.He the table cleaned.()bkli (),Arbitrary,-there is no intrinsic(logic)connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.,Symbols,-words are just the symbols associated with objects,actions,and ideas by convention.,Definition of Language,Vocal,-the primary medium for all languages is sound,no matter how well developed their writing systems are.,Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.,People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.,Human,-language is human-specific.,Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.,1.3 Design features of language,Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.,a.arbitrariness,-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.The link between them is a matter of convention.,E.g.“house”Mansion(French),房子,(Chinese),象形文字：日，门，男，月，人,b.duality,-language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers,namely,the level of sounds and that of meaning.,b-o-o-k(meaningless segments:lower level,secondary)-,Book(meaningful unit:higher level,primary),It is one of the most economical features of human language,with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations(e.g.words)which are distinct in meaning.,c.Creativity,-language is resourceful.It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.),non-human signals,on the other hand,appears to have little flexibility.,e.g.an experiment of bee,communication,:,d.Displacement,-human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.,We dont use real money to tell people the price of the product,while we only use price tags.,Does animal language have the property of cultural transmission?,1.4 functions of language,Phatic:establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.,E.g.-Its really cold today.,-Yeah,really.,Directive:get the hearer to do something.,Informative:give information about facts.,Interrogative:get information from others.,Expressive:express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.,e.g.I love this class,许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨,.,他对语言的定义做了如下概括,:,语言是一种符号系统,.,当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介,;,当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具,;,当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体,.,2.linguistics,2.1 What is linguistics?,Linguistics is a,scientific study,of language.It is a major branch of social science.,Linguistics studies not just one language of any society,but the language of all human society,language in general.,-A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.,2.2 The scope or major branches of linguistics,Branches of linguistics(theoretical linguistics),Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,6.Pragmatics,Use of linguistics,1.Applied linguistics,2.Sociolinguistics,3.Psycholinguistics,.,The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called,phonetics,语音学,.,The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called,phonology,音系学,.,While sounds are primary in linguistic communication,they are represented by certain symbols,i.e.,words and morphemes.The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called,morphology,形态学,.,The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules.The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called,syntax,句法学,Applied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching,Sociolinguistics-social factors(e.g.class,education)affect language use,Psycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process,Stylistics-linguistic and literature,The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is termed,literary stylistics,文体学,.,The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called,psycholinguistics,.,2.3 Important distinctions in linguistics,Descriptive vs.prescriptive,“,描写式,”,和,“,规定式,”,Descriptive-describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use(modern linguistic),Prescriptive-lay down rules for“correct”linguistic behavior in using language(traditional grammar),They represent two different types of linguistic study.,Synchronic vs.diachronic,“,共时,”,和,“,历时,”,Synchronic study-description of a language at some point of time(modern linguistics),Diachronic study-description of a language through time(historical development of language over a period of time),langue,vs.,parole,“,语言,”,和,“,言语,”,Langue-the,abstract linguistic system,shared by all members of the speech community.,Parole-the realization of langue,in actual use.,What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole,i.e.to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.,Competence,vs.,performance,语言能力和语言运用,Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication,Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.,The distinction is discussed by the American linguist,N.Chomsky,in the late 1950s,.,Traditional grammar,vs.,modern linguistics,Traditional grammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework,Modern linguistics-descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework,Modern linguistics started with the publication of,F.de Saussure,s book“Course in General Linguistics”in the early 20th century.So Saussure is often described as“father of modern linguistics”.,Speech,vs.,Writing,One general principle(,原则,)of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing.Writing gives language new scope(,范畴,)and uses that speech does not have.,2.4 The history of linguistics,Human beings started to do research on language 2000 years ago.From the end of 18th century to the beginning of 19th century,linguistists put their attention on historical comparison of languages;as a result,linguistics became an independent subject.,From 19th century,linguistics went through three development phases:,1.In the 19th century,:historical comparative linguistics-Humboldt,2.In the early and mid 20th century,:structural linguisticsSaussure,3.At the end of 20th century,:T-G Grammar(transformative-generative grammar)Nome Chomsky,From the middle of 20th century,linguistics has witnessed a great development.The mutual penetration of linguistics and other subjects brought many marginal subjects,such as sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,anthropological linguistics,computational linguistics,etc.,At the same time,linguistics was combined with foreign language teaching and learning by the application of advanced technology,thus,applied linguistics came into being.,.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:,1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.,2.Linguistics studies particular language,not languages in general.,3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.,4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.,5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.,6.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary,not the spoken language.,7.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure,8.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare,s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.,.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:,1.Chomsky defines,“,competence,”,as the ideal user,s _ of the rules of his language.,2.Langue refers to the _ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.,3._ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels:a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.,4.Language is a system of _ vocal symbols used for human communication.,5.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applications is generally known as _ linguistics.,6.Language is _ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.In other words,they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.,Choose the best answer.,1.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A.tree,B.typewriter,C.crash,D.bang,2.,The function of the sentence,“,Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.,”,is,_.A.interrogative,B.directive,C.informative,D.performative3.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place,due to this feature of language,speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A.Transferability,B.Duality,C.Displacement,D.Arbitrariness,4.Study the following dialogue.What function does it play according to the functions of language?,A nice day,isn,t it?,Right!I really enjoy the sunlight.A.Emotive,B.Phatic,C.Performative,D.Interpersonal5.,_ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user,s,knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A.Performance,B.Competence,C.Langue,D.Parole6._ deals with language application to other fields,particularly education.,A.Linguistic theory B.Practical linguistics,C.Applied linguistics D.Comparative linguistics,7.,When a dog is barking,you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now.It couldn,t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone.This indicates the design feature of _.,A.cultural transmission,B.productivity,C.displacement,D.duality,