国贸理论与政策COMMERCIAL-POLICY-ISSUES.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,1,Ch.10,COMMERCIAL POLICY ISSUES,2,COMMERCIAL POLICY:HISTORY AND PRACTICE,3,The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT):1947-1995,Principles,Trade without Discrimination:the Most Favored Nation(MFN)clause,Protection through Tariffs-Not quantitative or other nontariff restrictions,Commitment,承诺,to Negotiated Tariff Reduction,Consultation and Settlement of Disputes,Waiversweiv,豁免,for Special Situations,Balance-of-payments difficulties,Regional trading arrangements,Developing countries-Generalized System of Preferences(GSP),Trade in specific industries(agriculture and textiles),4,B.GATT Rounds,The Kennedy Round(1964-67),GATT members agree to cut tariffs by 35%.,US tariff rates down to 8.9%.,The Tokyo Round(1974-1979),Average tariff to 4.67%,Attempts to eliminate nontariff barriers,Special Code,法规,for dumping and subsidies,GSP,The Uruguay Round(1986-94),Negotiate trade in services,agriculture,intellectual property,textiles,Dispute settlement strengthened,Open up government procurement practices,World Trade Organization(1995),The Doha Round(2001-),5,C.Exemptions,豁免,from GATT Rules,Antidumping and Countervailing Duties(included in the Uruguay Round),Safeguards Arrangements for protection against a surge,激增,of imports,Balance of Payments and Economic Development Reasons,Free Trade Area and Regional Trade Agreements,Implicit,内含的,exceptions:Voluntary Export Restraints(VER)and Orderly Marketing Arrangements(OMA),6,World Trade Organization,Created 1995,replaced GATT,which was a provisional prvinl,临时的,agreement,Set rules for goods and services trade,international investment,and protection of intellectual property rights.,Strengthen disputes settlement procedure,prsi:d,Home Page:,www.wto.org/,7,Some Recent Developments,Anti-globalization movements:What are the issues?,China becomes a member of WTO.,The Doha Round(2001-),10,Dumping,Selling a product below,a fair market value,:,Home-country price,3,rd,country price,Constructed price:Production cost plus at least 10%general expenses plus at least 8%profits,Why do firms“dump”?,Is dumping predatory?,predtri,掠夺性的,Is dumping bad for the importing country?,How to explain dumping?:International price discrimination by a monopolist,Economic effects of anti-dumping regulations,11,Figure 8.02,Dumping,12,Figure 8.03,International price discrimination,13,Costs of Protection,14,An Import Quota on Sugar,Under free trade:,World price=$280/ton,Domestic production=5.14 million tons,Domestic consumption=5.14 million tons,Under import quota of 2.13 million,Domestic price=$466/ton,Domestic production=6.32 million tons,Domestic consumption=8.45 million tons,Quota licenses allocated free to foreign,govts,.,The quota saved,保全,3000 jobs in US sugar industry.,15,Trade in Agriculture,EUs Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)Due to export subsidies,a number of agricultural products sell at two or three times world prices,Japans rice policy:Domestic price of rice higher than 5 times the world price due to banned,禁止,imports.In 1998,Japan imposed,征,(,税,)a 1000-percent tariff on rice imports.,16,The clothing industry(Textiles and apparel prl,服装,)has been heavily protected by tariffs and import/export quotas,MFA sets both import and export quotas for a large number of countries.,The industry is labor intensive.,In advanced countries,it is well-organized.,In the US,it accounts more than of consumer costs of protection in 1990.,Multi-Fiber Agreement(,MFA,),多种纤维协定,