非谓语动词和从句的转换.doc

非谓语动词和从句的转换----
一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系
1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。
(1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you)
(2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.)
(3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea.
(= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)
2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句
(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语)
(=when and where we should build a school)
(2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see)
(3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.)
3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句
(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave)
(2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding.
(=that they can get a good understanding)
4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句
(1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing.
(=that is shortly to open in Beijing)
(2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up)？

5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的．结果状语.，相当于一个目的．结果状语从句
(１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that)
(2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…)
7.不定式（短语）在句中作原因状语.，相当于一个原因状语从句
(１)I trembled to think of being punished by the boss.(=because I though of being punished by the boss)
(2).We were disappointed to have lost the game.(=that we have lost the game)
二．动名词（短语）与从句的关系
1. 动名词（短语）在句中作主语，相当于一个主语从句
(１).Your going away (=That you went away) made the professor angry.
(2).Mary’s not being made monitor (=That Mary was not made monitor ) made us sad.
被动的动名词在句中作主语时一般不能省
(3).Being called a fool(=That he was called a fool) hurt Bob badly.
2. 动名词（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补语，相当于一个宾语从句
(1).I remember being taken to Beijing(=that I was taken to Beijing) when I was five.
(2).He admitted having married Mary to a soldier(=that he had married Mary to a soldier).
3. 动名词（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句
(1).My duty is serving the people heart and soul (that I’ll serve the people heart and soul).
(2).The problem is his not having prepared his lessons for the exam(=that he hasn’t prepared his lessons for the exam)
(3).The difficulty is Mary’s being caught between the two trees(=that Mary is caught between the two trees).
4. 介词＋动名词（短语），相当于一个从句(宾语从句或同位语从句...0
(1）He was afraid of being scolded by his mistake.(=that he was…)
(2).He was astonished at her knowing you.(=that she knew you)
(3).We heard the news of our team having won.(=that our team had won)
三．分词（短语）与从句的关系
1.分词（短语）作定语，相当于一个定语从句
(1）The hospital was an old building built in 1931(=that was built in 1931).
(2).Do you know the girl standing over there(=who is standing over there)?
(3).The man speaking to us the other day(= who spoke to us the other day) has gone to Japan.

本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：
Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)
Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)
The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us)

2.分词独立结构，相当于一个状语从句，其中伴随状语多与并列句转换
(1）Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we’ll have the match tomorrow.
(2).The dark clouds having disappeared(=When the dark clouds had disappeared), the sun shone again.
(3).The monitor being ill(=As the monitor was ill) we’d better put the meting off.
(4).Other things being equal(=If other things are equal), I’d buy the black dress.
(5).Given more time(=If we were given more time), we could have done it better.
(6).He came back, his hands tied to his back(=and his hands were tied to his back).
3.分词短语，相当于一个状语从句
(1）On arriving(=As soon as I arrive) there, I’ll telephone you.（时间）
(2).(While)waiting(=While I was waiting )for the bus, I caught sight of her．
（时间）
(3).Educated(=As he was educated ) by the party, he became a great fighter.
（原因）
(4).Not having received(=Because I hadn’t received an answer, I wrote to him again.（原因）
(5).(If) given(=If we had been given )enough time, e could have done it better.（条件）
(6).(Though) having made(=Though he had made) great achievements, he didn’t pride.(让步)
４．分词短语作状语，可表伴随，结果，相当于and 的并列句，也可和 with 转换
(1）He died, leaving his daughter much money. () (=with),(=and left)
(2).The teacher entered the lab, followed by our students.
(=and he was followed by our students =with us following him=and we followed him)
5.分词短语在句中作宾语或宾语补足语，相当于一个宾语从句
(1）He found the windows broken.(=He found that the windows were broken.)
(2).I felt my heart beating fast at the news of bomb explosion.(=I felt that my heart was besting fast at the news of bomb explosion)
四．特殊转换
1. 动名词复合结构相当于从句
(1）Sophia’s having seen them(=That Sophia had seen them) didn’t surprised us.
(2).I can’t bear his (him) staying up so late(=that he stays up so late).
(3).We encourage students’ living in the school(=that students live in the school).
(4).What was disappointing was our not being able to go for a picnic (that we were not able to go for a picnic).
2. there　+being+其他成分
(1）There being nothing to do, we played games.(=Because there was nothing to do) (原因)
(2).They closed the store, there being no customers.(=Because there was no customers) (原因)

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