英语演讲的艺术week-five.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Outlining the Speech,Preparation outline:very detailed,for the planning stage.,Speaking outline:very brief,for the delivery of the speech.,The Preparation Outline,Preparation outline:a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title,specific purpose,central idea,introduction,main points,subpoints,connectives,conclusion,and bibliography of a speech.,It helps you prepare,the speech.,Decide what youll say in,the introduction,how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body,and what youll say in the conclusion.,Guidelines for the Preparation Outline,State the specific purpose and central idea.,Label the introduction,body,and conclusion.,Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation.,State main points and subpoints in full sentences.,Label transitions,internal summaries,and internal previews.,Attach a bibliography.,Give your speech a title.,State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea,The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself.,How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.,Label the,Introduction,Body,and,Conclusion,Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation,See APS page 120.,Visual framework:the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the,relationships,among the,speakers ideas.,State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences,A skimpy preparation outline is of little value.,Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.,Label Transitions,Internal Summaries,and Internal Preview,Usually theyre not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation.,Theyre labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where theyll,appear in the speech.,Attach a Bibliography,Bibliography:a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.,It shows all the books,magazines,newspapers,and Internet sources consulted,as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.,Give Your Speech a Title,Three requirements for a good speech title:(1)be brief;(2)attract the attention of your audience;(3)encapsulate the main thrust of your speech.,See APS pages 122-124.Sample Preparation Outline With,Commentary.,The Speaking Outline,Speaking outline:a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech.,It helps you what you want to say.,A condensed version of your preparation outline.,It should contain key words or phrases,essential statistics and quotations.,It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.,Guidelines for the Speaking Outline,Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline.,Make sure the outline is legible.,Keep the outline as brief as possible.,Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.,Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline,Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline.,See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.,Make Sure the Outline Is Legible,It should be readable at a distance.,Use large lettering,leave extra space between lines,provide ample,margins,and write or type on,only one side of your paper,or note card.,Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible,It should contain key words or phrases.,It should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you,on track.,Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech,Delivery cues:directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech.,One way:by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.,Another way:jot down on the outline explicit cues such as“pause”,“repeat”,“slow down”,“louder”,and so forth.,See APS pages 126-127:Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.,Using Visual Aids,As the old saying goes,one picture can be worth a thousand words.,Visual images can make a speakers message more interesting,make the audience grasp it more easily,and retain it longer.,Kinds of Visual Aids,Objects and models.,Photographs and drawings.,Graphs.,Charts.,Video.,The speaker.,PowerPoint.,Objects and Models,Model:an object,usually built to scale,that represents another object in detail.,View an excerpt from“CPR”:rescue breathing,presented on Video 12.1.,Photographs and Drawings,Neither will work effectively unless theyre large enough for the audience to see without straining.,The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with,PowerPoint.,View an excerpt from“Machu,Picchu:City of the Gods.,Graphs,Graph:a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.,Line graph:a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.,Pie graph:a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.,Bar graph:a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.,Line Graph,Pie Graph,Bar Graph,Charts,Chart:a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information,usually in list form.,View the presentation of this,chart(APS page 164)in“The,United States:A Nation,of Immigrants”.,Video,Make sure the video is not too long.,Make sure the video is cued to start exactly where you want it.,If necessary,edit the video to the precise length you need.,Beware of low-resolution,video.,The Speaker,Doing a demonstration well requires special practice to coordinate your actions with your words and to maintain eye contact with the audience.,View an excerpt from“Yoga:,Uniting Body,Mind,and,Spirit”.,PowerPoint,View“The Great Wall of China”.Video 12.8,Tips for Preparing Visual Aids,Keep visual aids simple.,Make sure visual aids are large enough.,Use fonts that are easy to read.,Use color effectively.,Keep Visual Aids Simple,Visual aids should be simple,clear,and to the point.,Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough,A visual aid is useless if no one can see it.,PowerPoint:at least 44-point type for titles,36-point type for subtitle,and 28 point-type for other text.,Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read,Font:a complete set of type of the same design.,Effective:,Arial,Comic Sans MS,Verdana,Courier New,Times New Roman,etc.,Use Color Effectively,Tips for Presenting Visual Aids,Display visual aids where listeners can see them.,Explain visual aids.,Avoid passing visual aids among the audience.,Display visual aids only while,discussing them.,Talk to the audience,not to your visual aids.,Practice with your visual aids.,Check the room and equipment.,Develop a backup plan.,The End,