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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,主从复合句,1.,主语从句作主语，主句谓语动词通常用,单数；为使句子平衡，常用,it,作形式主语。,2.,表语从句还可以用,as if,，,as though,引导。,3.,表示“是否”，引导宾语从句时可用,if,或,whether,，但在介词后或直接与,or not,连用时，只能用,whether,引导；引导表语从句、同位语从句或位于句首的主语从句时，只,能用,whether,，不用,if,。,要点：,4.,同位语从句一般放在,fact,，,news,，,idea,，,promise,，,suggestion,，,advice,等抽象名词之后，说明或解释这些抽象名词的具体内容。多用,that,引导，不能由,which,引导。,5.,当宾语从句又带有补语时，要用,it,作形式宾语。,6.,在表示“建议”“命令”“要求”，如,advice,，,suggestion,，,proposal,，,order,，,demand,，,request,等词后的名词性从句，其谓语通常,用“,(should,),动词原形”。,7.that,引导名词性从句时，没有任何意义，也不作任何句子成分；但,that,引导定语从句时，它代表先行词，而且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：,I still remember the promise,that he made,.,我依然记得他许下的诺言。,(,定语从句,),The naughty boy made a promise,that he would never make a noise,.,那个淘气的孩子保证说他以后再也不吵闹了。,(,同位语从句,),8.what,可引导名词性从句但不能引导定语从句。,what,引导名词性从句，有时相当于“,the+,名词,that”,，表示“,(,所,),的”。如：,What(=The thing that)you said was right.,你所说的是正确的。,熟读深思,What,worries my classmate Mary a lot these days,1,is,that,she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill,2,.She has some doubts,whether,she eats too much fast food high in fat,or sugar,3,.Also,with the college entrance examination approaching,she becomes more stressful and she couldnt sleep well these days.Maybe this is also the cause,that,she becomes fatter these days,4,she thinks.,How,she becomes slimmer and healthier,5,has been her main task.,So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But,where,she could get better suggestions and who,will,give her better advice,6,also puzzle her.It is her parents suggestion,that,she should consult Professor Wang in,Zhongshan,Hospital,7,.Professor Wang suggests,that,she keep a balanced diet first,8,.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber,vitamin and protein.,Whats more,if she wants to lose weight,she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang,when,she should take exercise,9,.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 oclock in the afternoon because she will have more time to do sports.Thanks to Professor Wang,Mary has become much healthier now.,汉语译文：,我的同学玛丽感到很焦虑，因为这段时间她胖了很多而且经常生病。她怀疑自己是否吃了太多含有高脂肪或高糖的快餐。而且高考将近,她的心理压力很大，所以这几天总是睡不好。,她想这有可能也是造成她变胖的原因。怎样变得苗条些和更健康些变成她的主要任务了。所以，她想通过咨询专家来获得一些指导。但她要去哪里咨询和要咨询谁又让她感到很困惑。她的父母建议她去中山医院咨询王教授。王教授建议她首先要保持均衡的饮食，应多吃富含纤维、维他命、蛋白质的新鲜的蔬菜和水果。当然，如果她想要减肥，最好还是要坚持每天运动半个小时以上。玛丽问王教授哪一个时间段适合她去运动。王教授建议她下午,5,点后去运动，因为这时，她有充足的时间来运动。多亏了王教授，玛丽现在健康多了。,熟读深思,1.,主语从句。,What(=the thing that),在主语从句中作主语。,2.,表语从句。从句本身意思完整，也不缺任何句子成分，所以用,that,引导。,3.,同位语从句。补充说明,doubt,的具体内容，因,doubt(,疑惑,),的意思本身是不确定的，故由,whether,引导。,4.,同位语从句。说明,the cause,的具体内容。,5.,主语从句。表示“如何”变得苗条些和更健康些。,6.,主语从句。去哪里咨询、向谁咨询，故分别由,where,who,引导。,7.,同位语从句。说明,suggestion,的具体内容，从句内容完整也不缺任何句子成分，故由,that,引导。,8.,宾语从句。从句内容完整也不缺句子成分，故由,that,引导。,9.,宾语从句。,when,在从句中作时间状语。,状语从句,1.,在时间状语或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。,2.,辨析：,when,，,while,，,as,引导时间状语从句。,while,必须与延续性动词连用，强调主句动作延续到从句所指的整个时间时，只能用,while,；表示“随着”只能用,as,；表示有规律的“每当”时或主句动作与从句动作有先后时，只能用,when,。,要点：,3.,辨析：,because,，,since,，,as,引导原因状语从句。,because,语气最强，表示直接的原因，是说话人认为对方不知道的原因，它引导的从句通常位于主句之后；在回答,why,时，或者在强调结构中，只能用,because,。,since,和,as,是对大家已知的事实提供理由或背景，它们引导的从句多位于主句前，有时也位于主句后。,4.as,引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首；,though,引导让步状语从句时，这些成分可置于句首也可用正常语序；但,although,等其他词引导的让步状语从句不能将这些成分前置。,5.,表示“虽然”的连词不能与表示“但是”的连词,but,连用；表示“原因”的,because,等连词不可与表示结果的连词,so,等同时使用。,熟读深思,My mother was cooking in the kitchen,while,1,I was doing my school assignments.,As soon as,2,I finished my homework,I went to get some water to drink.Then the door bell rang.However,my sister unlocked the door,before,3,I could open it.We were surprised,the moment,4,we saw her,because,5,her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer,than,6,we expected.,Since,7,we didnt know what had happened to her,we stood there and waited for my sisters story.,We wouldnt leave,unless,8,my sister told us all about it.,After,9,my sister got changed,she told us that she fell into a ditch,when,10,she walked on a path on her way to my uncles home in the countryside.She couldnt get out of the ditch.,Although,11,she cried for help loudly,no one could hear her.She tried to climb out of it,but,however,12,hard she tried,she failed to escape from it.,As,13,time went by,she got worried.,After several vain attempts she had to stand,where,14,she was and waited,until,15,a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope.She did,as,16,the boy told,so that,17,she came out.My sister also warned us to be careful,when,18,walking on a path even,though/if,19,we are in a great hurry.Thats true.We should mind our step so,that,20,we can ensure our safety.,汉语译文：,我妈妈在厨房做饭，而我在做作业。我一做完作业就去拿水喝，这时门铃响了。然而，我还没来得及打开门，我的妹妹就用钥匙打开了门。我们看见她时，非常惊讶，因为她的衣服和脸非常脏。她看起来比我们预料的更可怜。因为我们不知道发生了什么事，我们站在那等着我妹妹讲她的故事。除非她告诉我们这一切，否则我们是不会离开的。,我妹妹换了衣服之后，就把一切都告诉了我们。她在去乡下叔叔家的路上不小心掉进了一个水沟里，上不来，虽然她大声求救，但是没有人能听到。她试图爬出来，但是无论她怎么努力，都没能爬出来。时间一分一秒地过去了，她开始担忧起来。几经徒劳的尝试之后，她只好站在原处等待。直到一个男孩经过，帮助了她。男孩把一根长绳索递给她并叫她拉着绳子爬上来，她按男孩所说的去做，结果就爬出来了。我妹妹也警告我们，即使赶时间，走小路时也要小心。确实，我们走路小心就可以确保我们的安全。,1.,用于对比两件事，意思是“而,”,用,while,，不能用,when/as,代替。,2.as soon as,引导时间状语从句,表示“一,就,”,。,3.before,表示“还没来得及就,”,。,4.,名词词组如,the moment/the second/the day/the first time/next time.,等可以用来引导时间状语从句。,5.,引导表示原因的从句时用,because,引导原因状语从句时一般放在主句之后,而如果只是名词性短语表示原因,则用,because of,。,熟读深思,6.,在表示比较级中，用,than,来引导比较状语，,than,也可以作介词。,7.,对大家已知的事实提供理由或背景时,常用,since,引导，意思是“既然”。其引导的从句多在主句之前。,8.,引导条件状语从句，,unless=if.not,是“除非，如果不”之意。,9.,引导表示时间先后的状语从句时,用,after/before,来表示，根据实际表达需要选用其一。,10.when,引导表示“当,时”的时间状语。,11.,引导让步状语从句时，可以用,although,或,though,，主句可以与副词,still,连用，但不能再与连词,but,连用了，一个复合句只需一个连词。当是,as,引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词置于句首。,12.however,引导让步状语从句时,其后常接形容词或副词用于修饰该形容词或副词,wherever,whenever,也可以引导让步状语从句,在从句中作状语,相当于,no matter how/where/when,另外,whatever,whoever,whichever,也可以引导让步状语从句。,13.,表示“随着”时，只能用,as,引导。,14.,引导地点状语从句时,用,where/wherever,，表示“在,的地方”。,15.,固定用法“直到,才,”,可以用两种表达形式：“延续性动词,+until+,句子”,(,用肯定形式,),；“,not+,短暂性动词,+until+,句子”,(,用否定形式,),。,16.,引导方式状语从句时，可以用,as,，意思是“按照，像,那样”。,17.so that,引导结果状语从句，从句表示的通常是某件事的结果。,18.when,引导表示“当,时”的时间状语时，如果主句的主语和从句的主语是一致时，可以省略,when,从句的主语和,be,动词，用分词来表示。,19.,表示“即使，尽管”的,even though/if,引导让步状语从句。,20.so that,除了引导结果状语从句，还可以引导目的状语从句，常与情态动词,can/could,等连用。,定语从句,要点：,1.,在限制性定语从句中,which,who,whom,都可用,that,代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。,2.,在非限制性定语从句中，或者当先行,词是指人的,those,，,anyone,，,everyone,，,people,he,，,all,，,few,，,one(s,),等时，不能,用,that,引导。,3.,以下情况下一般用,that,：,当先行词是指物的,all,，,little,，,few,，,much,，,any,，,anything,，,everything,，,nothing,，,none,，,the one,时，或先行词被,all,，,little,，,few,，,much,，,any,，,every,，,no,等修饰时。,先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词,(,包括,last,，,next),、最高级形容词及,the only,，,the very,等修饰时。,先行词包括人和物时。,4.,当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因,(,且只能是,reason),等，且这些先行词在定语从句中作状语时，就分别用,when,、,where,、,why,来引导定语从句。另外，,when,，,where,why,一般可用“介词,+which”,替代，其中,reason,后的,why,通常用,for which,替代。,当先行词是表示时间、地点或,原因的词语时，不一定填关系副词,when,，,where,，,why,，只有当这些,词在定语从句中作状语时，才用关,系副词，否则要用关系代词。,特别提醒：,5.,当先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分时，这类非限制性定语从句只能由,which,或,as,来引导。两者的区别在于：,which,引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，而,as,引导的定语从句可位于主句前、中、后。,which,常译作“这”；而,as,常译作“正如”，且多与,see,，,expect,，,imagine,，,know,，,hope,等动词连用。,在定语从句中作主语时，若用,as,，其谓语部分一般有,be,；若谓语是不含,be,的行为动词时，要用,which,。,as,引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，而,which,不受此限制。,as,常用于固定搭配中：,as is often the case(,这是常有的事,),；,as we expected(,不出所料,),；,as often happens(,正如经常发生的那样,),；,as is known to all(,众所周知,),；,as has been said before(,如上所述,),；,as is mentioned above(,正如上面所提到的,),；等等。,熟读深思,It was,the summer of 2012,when,1,I came to,Guangning,No.1 Senior High School.Our school is,a wonderful place,where,2,I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.,Our classroom,the roof of,which,3,looks like a rocket in the distance,is located in the center of our school.,The main reason,why,4,I like our school is that I can make many friends.I can get along with,my classmates here,two of whom,5,are my best friends.,Jack,who,6,comes from,Tanbu,Junior High School,is very active.,He likes,various sports,among which,7,he likes running very much.,He will run 5 kilometers every day,which,8,makes him look strong.,Nick,whose,9,father is a teacher in,Lianhe,Junior High School,studies very hard.We often talk about,the people and the things,that,10,we see in our school.Nick prefers,the food,that,11,is made in our canteen.,The teacher,whom,12,he likes is Mr.Zhang,our math teacher,while my beloved teacher is my English teacher,Miss Chen.To be honest,I gradually fall in love with our school.,我是在,2012,年的夏天来到广宁一中读书的。我们学校环境优美，在这里，我可以看见一栋栋的高楼大厦和一个宽阔的广场。我们班位于学校的中心，远远看去，我们教室屋顶就像一枚火箭。但我真正喜欢这个学校的原因是，我在这里结交了很多朋友。我跟我的同学相处得很融洽，当中我有两个要好的朋友。,杰克来自潭布中学，他很活跃。他喜欢各种各样的运动,当然，他最喜欢的是跑步。他每天都坚持跑,5,公里,这使他看起来很强壮。而尼克学习非常用功,他父亲是联和中学的一名教师。我们经常在一起谈论我们学校的人和事情。尼克喜欢我们学校饭堂的饭菜。他最喜欢的老师是数学老师张老师，而我最喜欢的老师是英语老师陈老师。说真的，我已经慢慢地喜欢上我们的学校啦。,熟读深思,本文作者叙述了来到广宁中学读书后的所见所闻。,1.,先行词是,the summer of 2012,，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词,when(=in which,during which),引导定语从句。,2.,先行词是,a wonderful place,在从句中作地点状语,用关系副词,where(=at which),引导定语从句。,3.,先行词是,Our classroom,直接在介词,of,后作其宾语,先行词是物时,只能用,which,。,the roof of which,中的,of,表所属关系,意为“我们的教室的屋顶”。,4.,先行词是,the reason,，在定语从句中作原因状语，只能用,why,引导。,5.,先行词是,my classmates,，直接在介词,of,后作其宾语，先行词是人时，只能用,whom,。,two of whom,中的,of,表示部分与整的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。,6.,先行词是,Jack,，在定语从句中作主语，用,who,引导。,7.,先行词是,various sports,，直接在介词,among,后作宾语，只能用,which,。,8.,先行词是,He will run 5 kilometers every day,整个句子，并在从句中作主语，用,which,引导。,9.,先行词是,Nick,，在从句中作定语，表示,Nicks,，用,whose,引导。,10.,先行词是,the people and the things,，既包括人又包括事物，通常只用,that,引导。,11.,先行词是,the food,，在定语从句中作主语,故用,that,或,which,引导。,12.,先行词是,the teacher,，在定语从句中作,likes,的宾语，故用,whom,引导。,主从复合句与高考,1.,主从复合句是高考语法填空的必考点，也是写作中必用的表达手段。,解题方法：当空格前后都是句子,(,一个主谓关系算一个句子,),，且这两个句子之间没有关联词时，应填关联词；若其中一个句子是作整个句子的一个成分，如定语、状语,(,如时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等,),，或者主语、宾语、表语、同位语等时，就要填引导从句的关联词。,根据一个句子在整个句子中所作句子成分确定从句类型后，就根据该类从句的关联词的使用特点确定具体的关联词。,2.,短文改错中，常见错误有连词的多用或少用以及误用。如用,that,引导非限制性定语从句，,after,与,before,错用，导致逻辑错误等。,1._he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back,he was wrong.,因,he thought,与,he was wrong,是两个句子，且两者之间没有关联词，必定是填关联词；根据两句之间的逻辑关系，应填表示条件的,If,。意为“要是他认为坐后排可以逃避老师的注意，那他就错了”。,If,一、单句填空,用适当的连词填空。,灵活运用,2.Of course whenever they turned to look at him,they had to look at Mary,_made her feel like a star.,引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子。,which,3.The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _the boy would do.,引导宾语从句并在从句中作,do,的宾语,故用连接代词。,what,4.My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.,空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词,应填关联词,;,由两句之间的逻辑关系可知,是“等到车来”,表示“直到”用,until,引导时间状语从句。,until,5.Behind him were other people to _ 21 he was trying to talk.,空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词,应填关联词,;,后面一句应当这样理解,he was trying to talk to the people,可见,后面一句是定语从句,先行词是,people,直接在介词后应用关系代词,whom,引导定语从句。,whom,6.We understand this lesson best _ we receive gifts of love from children.,引导时间状语从句，表示“当,时”。,when,7.He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _ had been his teacher.,引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,先行词是表示人的,an elder,故填,who,。,who,8.Jane paused in front of a counter _some attractive ties were on display.,因两句之间没有连词,必定是填连词；后句是定语从句,要填的词在从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词,where,。,where,9.One day,he came up with an idea _ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.He did so the next day.,引导同位语从句,说明,idea,的具体内容,;,从句的结构和意义完整,用,that,引导。,that,10.The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away _ there was a garage.,先行词是,a small town,并在定语从句中作状语,用,where(=in which),引导定语从句。注意,先行词与定语从句之间被,some 20 kilometers away,隔开了。,where,二、语篇填空,I like reading very much.My classmates question is 1 _I began to love reading.Actually,I love reading as a child.I grew up in,a college town and I spent all my summer vacations in this university.What I meant was 2_ I was surrounded by libraries and the people who loved to read.3 _I went to the library to read every day was one of my favorite hobbies.,when,that,That,.,名词性从句,My love of reading was credited with the fact 4 _my parents only let me watch an hour of TV a day.I learned to entertain myself through my mind and imagination.Its not really surprising 5 _literature became my vocation.,Recently I have been reading a lot of multicultural womens legends.Jane,Goodall,went to Africa and studied chimps instead of going to university.6 _ there are some connections between chimps and human beings puzzles me a lot.Thanks to Jane,Goodall,her research showed me the answer.,that,that,Whether,She argued 7 _wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment.After finishing her story,I still have some doubts 8 _ she could achieve great success on her own in the forest.Lin,Qiaozhi,a doctor,became a specialist in womens illnesses.She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children.9 _made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients.10 _she didnt choose to have a family of her own is clear to me now.,that,how,What,Why,作者介绍了自己喜欢阅读的原因及最近阅读的情况。,1.,when,表语从句。根据下一句“,I love reading as a child.”,可知用,when,引导。,2.,that,表语从句。,that,不作句子成分，没有任何意思，但不能省略。,3.,That,主语从句。,4.,that,同位语从句。说明,the fact,的具体内容。,5.,that,主语从句。,it,作形式主语。,6.,Whether,主语从句。,7.,that,宾语从句。,that,在这里不作成分，没有任何意思，可以省略。,8.,how,同位语从句。指“怎样成功的”，故用,how,。,9.,What,主语从句。,what,在从句中作主语。,10.,Why,主语从句。,why,在这里表原因。,My classmate Michael studied very hard 1_ he went to senior school.Every day he worked,2 _every one left the classroom.He said he wouldnt stop trying 3 _ he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard 4 _he tried,he made little progress,but he didnt lose heart at all 5 _ he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day.6 _time went by,he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Guangzhou at last.,after,until,unless,as,because,As,.,状语从句,We had a get-together party 7 _we started our new life in university.8 _ everyone had got offers from universities,we had a very good time.When we stood 9 _we used to play and study,we couldnt help thinking of our happy old days.We believed we would never forget each other,10 _we would go or whatever we would do.Before we departed,11 _ we seemed a little sadder 12 _before,we still fought back the tears.,before,Since,where,wherever,although/though,than,1.,after,根据语境“,Michael,上了高中后就开始努力学习”。,2.,until,“,直到,才,”,是固定用法，“延续性动词,+until+,句子”用肯定形式而“,not+,短暂性动词,+until+,句子”则用否定形式。,3.,unless,根据句意“除非他取得满意的成绩，否则他是不会放弃的”可知。,4.,as,引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词置于句首，意思是“尽管”。,5.,because,根据前面可知“尽管他没有进步,但是他毫不气馁，因为他坚信只要他坚持,他总会成功”。,6.,As,根据句意“随着时间的流逝”，只能用,as,。,7.,before,引导时间状语从句,意思是“在,之前”。,8.,Since,从下文,we had a very good time,可以推断出此从句是原因状语从句，从句在主句之前，常用,since,，意思是“既然”。,9.,where,动词,stood,是不及物动词,其后跟的是表示地点的状语从句,“,站在曾经学习和玩耍的地方”。,10.,wherever,从下文,or whatever we would do,可知前面是一样的结构，从句缺状语。,11.,although/though,从下文的,we still fought back the tears,可知前面是让步状语从句。,12.,than,从前面的,a little sadder,可知比较状语从句，用,than,。,There was a time 1 _I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this is the reason 2 _my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3 _I met many strangers,I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.,when,why,where,.,定语从句,Fort
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