水环境湿地.ppt

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,水环境湿地,Definition,Wetland,通常指水域,(,open-water habitats,),以及季节性或永久性淹水的,(,waterlogged,浸满水的，涝的,)陆地,;,由于土地使用上的冲突,(,conflicting,)，湿地范围的界定是有争议的,(,controversial,),。,湿地包括从永久淹水的区域到生长季节某些时期阶段性水饱和并生长有水生植物,(,hydrophytic,),的地区。,湿地公约中的定义,不论其为天然或人工、长久或暂时性的沼泽地，泥炭地或水域地带，静止或流动的淡水、半咸水、咸水水体，包括低潮时水深不超过6,m,的水域；同时还包括邻接湿地的河湖沿岸、沿海区域以及位于湿地范围内的岛屿或低潮时水深不超过6,m,的海水水体,按此定义，湿地包括湖泊、河流、沼泽（森林沼泽和草本沼泽）、滩地（河滩、湖滩和沿海滩涂）、盐湖、盐沼以及海岸带区域的珊瑚礁、海草区、红树林和河口等类型,4.2.2,有关湿地的术语和湿地类型,Wetland Terms and Types,4.2.2.1 Terms Used to Describe Wetlands,Aquatic Bed:,Areas of shallow permanent water that are dominated by plants that grow on or below the surface of the water.,Bog,:A peat(,泥炭)-,accumulating wetland that has no significant inflow or outflow of ground or surface water and because of its acidic nature,supports acidophilic vegetation,particularly,Sphagnum,mosses(,泥炭藓).,Bottomland,:Lowlands(usually forested)along streams and rivers that are periodically flooded.,Estuary,:A marsh system associated with the drowned mouth of a large river.,Fen,:A peat-accumulating wetland that receives some inputs of ground water or drainage from surrounding mineral soils which typically results in alkaline waters and usually supports grass-like vegetation.,Marsh,:A frequently or continually inundated wetland characterized by grass-like and other emergent vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions.In European terminology a marsh has a mineral soil substrate and does not accumulate peat.,Mire,:Synonymous with any peat-accumulating wetland(European definition),Moor,:Synonymous with peatland(European definition),Muskeg,(,泥炭沼泽、厚苔泽):,Large expanses of peatlands;particularly used in Canada and Alaska,Peatland,(,泥炭地):,A generic term for any wetland that accumulates partially decayed plant matter.,Playa,:Term used in southwestern United States for marshlike ponds similar to potholes but with a different geologic origin.,Poor Fen,:A peat-accumulating wetland that is transitional between a true bog and a true fen.,Pothole,(,壶穴):,A shallow,marshlike pond,particularly as found in the Dakotas and central Canadian provinces.,Reedswamp,.Marsh dominated by,Phragmites,(common reed);term used particularly in eastern Europe.,Slough,(,泥沼):,A swamp or shallow lake system in the northern and midwestern United States.A slowly flowing shallow swamp or marsh in southeastern U.S.,Swamp,:A wetland dominated by trees or shrubs(U.S.definition).In Europe a forested fen or reedgrass-dominated wetland is often called a swamp,for example,reedswamp.,Vernal Pool,(,间隙塘):,An ephemeral wetland usually in a forested area.,Wet Meadow,(,草甸):,Grassland with waterlogged soil near the surface but without standing water for most of the year.,Wet Prairie,(,草原):,Similar to a marsh but water levels usually intermediate between a marsh and a wet meadow,4.2.2.2,湿地类型,1,、海洋和海岸湿地,Costal,wetland,2,、内陆湿地,Inland,Wetland,3,、人工湿地,Artificial,Wetland,海洋和海岸湿地,A,、浅海水域,B,、海床,C,、珊瑚礁,D,、岩石性海岸,E,、沙或鹅卵石（含沙丘）海岸,F,、河口水域,G,、潮间带滩涂,H,、海岸咸水沼泽（不含潮间带）,I,、红树林,/,潮间带森林,J,、海岸咸水湖（含泄湖）,K,、海岸淡水湖,L,、三角洲,内陆湿地,M,、河流,/,溪流,/,小河：长期性,N,、河流,/,溪流,/,小河：间歇性,O,、淡水湖：长期性,P,、淡水湖：季节性或间歇性,Q,、咸水湖和沼泽：长期性,R,、咸水湖和沼泽：季节性或间歇性,S,、淡水沼泽,/,池塘：长期性,T,、淡水沼泽,/,池塘：季节性或间歇性,U,、泥炭藓沼泽,V,、苔原,/,高山湿地,W,、灌木为主的湿地,X,、树木为主的湿地（含沼泽林）,Y,、淡水泉（含绿洲）,Z,、地热湿地,人工湿地,a,、鱼,/,虾类池塘,b,、农场池塘,/,储水池,c,、稻田类灌溉地,d,、季节性泛洪农业用地,e,、盐田,/,盐碱滩,f,、水库,g,、运河,h,、污水处理场,i,、取土场,/,烧砖场,/,石场湿地,生态环境类型,典型渔业功能,1,、海洋和海岸湿地,A,、浅海水域,网箱、筏式养殖，近岸渔业,B,、海床,底栖类水产生物栖息地,C,、珊瑚礁,典型热带生态类型,D,、岩石性海岸,养殖，附着类水产生物栖息地,F,、河口水域,河口渔业生态类型,G,、潮间带滩涂,贝类养殖,H,、海岸咸水沼泽（不含潮间带）,贝类养殖,I,、红树林,/,潮间带森林,典型潮间带生态类型,J,、海岸咸水湖（含泄湖）,水产养殖,K,、海岸淡水湖,水产养殖,L,、三角洲,水产养殖，产卵场，幼鱼索饵,2,、内陆湿地,M,、河流,/,溪流,/,小河,捕捞、养殖，各类渔业生态系统,O,、淡水湖,同上,Q,、咸水湖和沼泽,同上,S,、淡水沼泽,/,池塘：长期性,水产养殖,3,、人工湿地,a,、鱼,/,虾类池塘,水产养殖,c,、稻田类灌溉地,稻田养鱼,e,、盐田,/,盐碱滩,水产养殖,f,、水库,捕捞、水产养殖，渔业生态系统,Swamps,Swamps,森林沼泽，常以其上生长的树木种类来划分,Conifer,(,针叶树),Swamps,:,白杉,white cedar,西方金钟柏,northern white cedar,加拿大铁杉,eastern hemlock,北美白松,eastern white pine,北美脂松,pitch pine,厚皮刺果松,火炬松,loblolly pine,黑云杉,black spruce,Hardwood,(,阔叶树),Swamps,:,红槭,red maple,黑柳,black willow,白杨,aspen,棉白杨,cottonwood,白蜡树,ashes,榆树,elms,二色栎,swamp white oak,橡树,pin oak,紫树,tupelo,and,桦树,birches,Shrub,(,灌木),Swamps,:,小树,灌木如美国梧桐,buttonwood,柳,willow,桤木,alders，,山茱萸,dogwood,Cypress,(,柏树),Swamps,:,落羽松,美国水松,bald cypress,Okefenokee,is a swamp,part of it is a bog.,A,freshwater swamp,in northeast Texas,.Freshwater swamps are inland areas permanently saturated or covered by water and dominated by trees,such as bald cypress.The water surface is covered by a floating carpet of tiny aquatic plants.,Marshes,Marsh,一大类草本植物占优势的沼泽地，典型的沼泽植物包括,灯心草,rushes,芦苇,reeds,莎草,sedges,香蒲,cattails,and grasses,周期性被静水或缓慢流水覆盖的土地，通常与,ponds,rivers,streams,inland,lakes,等伴生,偶有沙质土,sandy,soils,但通常是富含有机质的,有很多类型,A tidal creek at high tide on the,high marsh,高位盐沼,.,Tall,Spartina,grows along the banks,Glasswort(,厚岸草),dominates highly saline areas on the,salt marsh,.The plant,which turns red in fall,is a major food of over-wintering geese.,The Horicon,marsh,in Wisconsin is an outstanding example of a northern marsh with well developed emergent vegetation and patches of open water-an ideal environment for wildlife.,The distinctive cowlick sweep of,salt meadow,cordgrass,网茅,nest to a stand of saltgrass.Bayberry(,野梅属),in the background marks the shrub zone,Bogs,Bogs,泥炭湿地,mossy wetlands,水几乎全部源于雨、雪，几乎不流动，含氧低，酸性很强，通常低温由于低温和低溶氧，有机质很难被真菌和细菌分解，因而形成泥炭,peat,泥炭藓,Sphagnum,(peat moss,泥炭苔)常见，一些耐酸的常绿树木和灌木繁生，也生长有,Orchids,water lilies,狗鱼草,pickerel weed,酸果蔓(蔓越橘),cranberries,越橘,blueberries,食虫植物,Insect-eating plants,如瓶子草,pitcher,plants,、,茅膏菜,sundew,也常在泥炭沼出现,常见动物有,Turtles,frogs,insects,and,食虫鸟类，鱼类少见低溶氧之故,An upland black spruce(,云杉)-,tamarack(,美洲落叶松),bog,in the Adirindack Mountains of New York.,Some plants in the bog,Fens,Fens:,另一类类似泥炭沼的湿地,与泥炭沼的相似之处：冰川退缩时形成；有泥炭积累,与泥炭沼的不同之处：水或多或少有溪流和地下水补给，多少有流动性，酸性较弱，因而水和土壤营养更丰富,Grasses and sedges,是常见植物，看上去象草甸,meadows,通常出现于,bogs,附近且最终发育成为,bogs,常见动物有昆虫如,mosquitos、,马蝇,horseflies，,两栖动物，食虫鸟类,，,哺乳动物如,shrews,鼯鼹,voles,麝香鼠,and muskrats.,Prairie Potholes,最后一次冰川期结束时，退缩的冰川在地面上留下数以百万计形态和大小各异的凹洼。雨雪使之积水。因多数位于,prairies,且象圆形的,pot，,故名,随大小和雨水的数量，有些是暂时的，有些是永久的,壶穴周围生长的纸草,Bulrushes,莎草,sedges,香蒲,cattails,等，为鸟类和其他动物提供了大量的营巢地和隐匿地,涵养水分、吸收对河流有害的沉积物和营养盐,有时也称为泥沼,Slaugh,为洪水和流域中冲刷下来的沉积物提供临时蓄积地,为河边植物群落及动物提供生境,河流脉动概念,The flood-pulse concept,用以归纳水-陆动态交互作用如何为河边和河漫滩生物区系,riverine and floodplain biota,所利用,exploited,河边湿地,Riparian wetlands,Schematic of the flood-pulse concept,垂直方向放大了的河漫滩断面，示一年水文周期中的5个瞬间,，,左边描述了营养物质的流动，右边是鱼类典型生活史特征,typical life history traits of fish,.,枯水期，水位开始上涨,大多数河流繁殖鱼类开始产卵,涨水期，产卵，幼鱼及其捕食者向岸活动，鱼类和昆虫的生产力高,高水位，幼鱼和成与分散摄食底部可能溶氧不足,水位开始消退多数鱼类向深水区洄游,枯水期鱼类进入主河道（干流或支流）及永久性湖泊,红树林,Mangrove forest,一些重要经济鱼类的繁殖场和肥育场,固定沉积物,防止海岸冲蚀,风暴潮的屏障,红树林,Mangrove,Mangle(,西班牙语，染料)+,Grove(,英语，树林),热带、亚热带潮间带滩涂上生长的由木本植物组成的乔木和灌木林，统称红树林,红树植物：只能在潮水经常性淹没的潮间带生长和繁衍后代的植物，并有气生根、支柱根和海水传播繁殖体等适合潮间带生活的专一性适应形态特征,半红树植物：陆生耐沿性木本植物，两栖性，无专一性形态特征,非分类学词汇生态趋同适应,全球70种,东方类群，60种：非洲东岸、亚洲、东太平洋海岸、澳洲,西方类群，12种：美洲东西海岸、非洲西海岸,我国，12科15属27种，8省区；,主要红树科植物，丹宁，木材红，树皮可提丹宁做染料（美洲印第安人土语的音译，,mangle）,红树植物,红树林的生态适应,海水淡化器、叶表泌盐、节水,大部分，根系体液浓度很高，-水，拒盐,少数,e.g.,桐花树、白骨壤，叶表分泌排盐,生理干旱，叶片-革质肉质气孔下陷光亮绒毛等,根系,支柱根，,e.g.,红海榄,呼吸根：指状,e.g.,白骨壤，笋状,e.g.,海桑,膝状根：木榄、海莲,板状根：秋茄、银叶树,气生根：红海榄、白骨壤,表面根：桐花树、海漆,红树林的生长适应性,胎生苗,vivpary,显胎生，红树科植物，幼苗突破果皮胚轴苗，1560,cm,隐胎生,cryptovivipary,，,桐花树、白骨壤，非红树科,防腐防食丹宁（树皮，830%）,苦涩，防啃食，枝叶、果和胎生苗,广谱抗菌，抗病力,络合、螯合，解毒,esp.,苗漂流过程中,抗海水腐蚀,红树林的直接利用,木材,耐腐蚀,能源（薪材、木炭）-水浸泡,绿色食品（白骨壤等果实）-去除丹宁,青饲料,碘、盐，助消化促生长、叶片营养价值高于苜蓿,海洋药物,eg,老鼠勒：消肿解毒止痛，治疗淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿痛、乙型肝炎、男性不育症、神经痛、劳损等,蜜源植物,染料,绿肥,红树林的生态功能,生物多样性与碎屑食物链,动物食品源,近海渔业的能源,林间养殖场,环境净化,造陆和海岸减灾,观光旅游,急剧消失中的红树林,国家,原有面积(,ha)/,年代,现有面积(,ha)/,年代,减少%,印度尼西亚,180万/1975,90万/1994,50,其中,Sulawesi,11万/1965,3万/1994,73,菲律宾,40万/1920,14万/1994,65,越南,40万/1950,25万/1983,37.5,中国,4.8万/1950初,1.5万/1990初,70,其中：广东,2.1万/1950初,3813/1990初,82,Red mangroves,(,Phizophora mangle,).The stiltlike roots that support the tree grow deeper water as well as into the mudflat exposed by low tide.Many animals live in the complex root system of mangrove forests.This photo was taken along the coast of Florida,near Miami,珊瑚礁,Coral Reefs,珊瑚礁是特殊的海洋生态系统,：,浅水温暖水域,可能在下沉或侵蚀的火山上发育，形成环状的,atoll,(,环礁),高生产力,：,大量营养源于陆地侧的侵蚀或/和富含营养的深水流遇到礁石后上涌,生物多样性高,4.2.3,湿地的功能和价值,Function and value,功能,鱼类和野生动物栖息地,受胁和濒危动物栖息地,污染物净化,沉积物,Sediment Control,波浪和侵蚀的屏障,涵养水源,防洪和航运,湿地的功能和价值,价值,狩猎、渔业,Hunting,fishing,trapping,水质净化,Water,Quality,Maintenance,供水,Water,Supply,食品和纤维,Food,and,Fiber Production,防洪,Flood Protection,水土保持,Sedimentation,and,Erosion,Control,历史和考古,Historic,and,Archeological,Values,文化、哲学和精神价值,Cultural,Philosophical,and,Psychological,Values,娱乐和美学价值,Recreation,and,Aesthetic,Values,洪泛,平原,淡水沼泽,泥炭地,沼泽森林,Functions,地下水,+,+,+,+,地下水排放,+,+,+,+,防洪,+,+,+,+,水土流失控制,+,+,-,-,沉积物和有毒物滞留,+,+,+,+,营养物滞留,+,+,+,+,生物量,+,+,-,+,风暴防护,-,-,-,+,娱乐/旅游,+,+,+,+,各种类型的湿地对人类社会的价值,各种类型的湿地对人类社会的价值续,洪泛,平原,淡水,沼泽,泥炭地,沼泽,森林,Products,木材,+,-,-,+,野生动物,+,+,+,+,渔业,+,+,-,+,放牧,+,+,-,-,农业,+,+,+,-,供水,+,+,+,+,Attributes,生物多样性,+,+,+,+,文化,+,+,+,+,4.2.4,影响湿地的人类活动,一些人类活动可影响湿地的功能,灌水,Flooding,排水,Draining,土地使用改变,Land Use Changes,挖泥,Dredging,填埋,Filling,砍伐,Vegetation,Cutting,外来种入侵,Exotic Species Invasion,使用有害化学物,Using Harmful Chemicals,旅游的过度开发,Recreational Overuse,洪泛,平原,淡水,沼泽,泥炭地,沼泽,森林,排水(农业、林业、灭蚊等,),+,+,+,+,挖泥和河流渠化,+,+,-,-,填埋(垃圾填埋和工业发展),+,+,-,-,农业用地,+,+,-,-,筑坝（防洪、灌溉）,+,+,-,-,污染物和沉积物倾倒,+,+,-,-,采掘（泥炭、煤、石砾等）,+,-,+,+,地下水抽提,+,+,-,-,Threats to the maintenance of particular groups of functioning wetlands.,freshwater marshes for this purpose are extensive wetlands often associated with lakes,peatlands include large areas of muskeg,blanket bog and wet tundra and swamp forest include boreal forest wetland(From Dugan 1994),Some direct and indirect threats to wetlands,Direct threats,Indirect threats,排水(,e.g.,农业,流域内清理后的富营养化,(e.g,农业目的),围垦(,e.g.,商业化发展),盐碱化,包括排干和灌溉盐化,地下水抽提或灌注导致的水位变化,河流改道及水运行模式,regime,改变造成的淤积,地表水抽提和改道,砍伐后的水土流失和沉积,为蓄水而造成的湿地淹没,工农业污水的排放,防洪，包括分水工程与堤坝建设,油污，包括洪水带来的,河流治理，包括渠化、流域间水调节、截流,河边带治理引起的,shading,和碎屑输入的改变,Some direct and indirect threats to wetlands(continued),Direct threats,Indirect threats,植物入侵，包括外来水生植物和木本种类,因城市化引起的径流增加,(e.g.,paved areas,增加),土著种类移植到自然分布区之外,缺乏协调的土地利用政策,(e.g.,全流域的),杀虫剂和湿地治理,(e.g.,排水)控制昆虫,对湿地是相互依存之系统的忽略,采矿等,(e.g.,砾石开采),废弃矿及其它来源的重金属,用湿地作为储存盐水的蒸发盆,源于采矿废水和含硫土壤径流的水的酸化,城郊地区湿地“美化”,(e.g.,河边带清理）,热污染电站和其它工厂的冷却水,捕捞、水产养殖，渔业生态系统,I、红树林/潮间带森林,可能在下沉或侵蚀的火山上发育，形成环状的atoll(环礁),Some plants in the bog,一些重要经济鱼类的繁殖场和肥育场,土地使用改变 Land Use Changes,对湿地是相互依存之系统的忽略,freshwater marshes for this purpose are extensive wetlands often associated with lakes,peatlands include large areas of muskeg,blanket bog and wet tundra and swamp forest include boreal forest wetland(From Dugan 1994),Playa:Term used in southwestern United States for marshlike ponds similar to potholes but with a different geologic origin.,供水 Water Supply,青饲料碘、盐，助消化促生长、叶片营养价值高于苜蓿,偶有沙质土 sandy soils,但通常是富含有机质的,Some direct and indirect threats to wetlands(continued),Direct threats,Indirect threats,湿地及湿地植物的放牧和踩踏,气候变化的间接影响(,e.g.,全球变暖),不适当的旅游活动,不适当的湖盆种植,过度捕捞、木材等过量的商业采伐,景观上残遗湿地间距离的增加,湿地用作废物填埋场,野火(,e.g.,对泥炭地的破坏),动物引入,病原生物入侵,4.2.5,Conservation&Management,Management Practices to Protect Wetlands,Nesting Boxes and Platforms,Establish and Maintain Buffers or Greenbelts,Protect and Enhance Adjacent Upland Habitat,Manage stormwater runoff so that its quantity and flow regimes are as close as possible to the original flow;,Ensure on-site control of all pollutants(including sediment,fertilizer,parking lot oils,etc.)that might be generated from upland activities;and,Determine what wildlife use the upland/wetland complex and consult wildlife habitat experts to determine how to manage the uplands to benefit these species without harming others.,Fencing(围拦),捕捞、水产养殖，渔业生态系统,I、红树林/潮间带森林,按此定义，湿地包括湖泊、河流、沼泽（森林沼泽和草本沼泽）、滩地（河滩、湖滩和沿海滩涂）、盐湖、盐沼以及海岸带区域的珊瑚礁、海草区、红树林和河口等类型,A freshwater swamp in northeast Texas.,现有面积(ha)/年代,I、红树林/潮间带森林,An upland black spruce(云杉)-tamarack(美洲落叶松)bog in the Adirindack Mountains of New York.,J、海岸咸水湖（含泄湖）,杀虫剂和湿地治理(e.,Protect and Enhance Adjacent Upland Habitat,砍伐 Vegetation Cutting,河流脉动概念The flood-pulse concept 用以归纳水-陆动态交互作用如何为河边和河漫滩生物区系riverine and floodplain biota所利用exploited,枯水期鱼类进入主河道（干流或支流）及永久性湖泊,东方类群，60种：非洲东岸、亚洲、东太平洋海岸、澳洲,防腐防食丹宁（树皮，830%）,Managing Recreation,Fencing(,围拦),Control Stormwater Runoff,Septic Systems(,垃圾处理系统),Use Fertilizers and Pesticides Wisely,Managing Recreation,Pet Control,Beaver(,海狸),Management,Control Shoreline Erosion With Alternative Methods,Be Aware of Activities in the Watershed,Control Exotic and Nuisance Species,4.2.6 Wetland Restoration,4.2.6.1Definition,Wetland Restoration,is a term used to describe activities that seek to return wetlands to a previously existing natural condition from a disturbed or totally altered state.,Wetland Enhancement,is the improvement,maintenance,and management of existing wetlands for a particular function or value,possibly at the expense of others.,Wetland Creation,is the conversion of an area that was historically upland into a wetland.,4.2.6.2 Identifying Potentially Restorable Wetlands,Step One-Set Goals and the Geographic Search Area,Step Two-Find Out Whats AlreadyBeen Done,Step Three-Gather Off-Site Resources,Step Four-Identify Potential Sites Based on Available Off-Site Data,Step Five-Conduct a Windshield Review,Step Six-Prioritize Potential Sites,Step Seven-Contact Landowners and Conduct Site Visits,Step Eight-Select Sites That Best Meet Goals and Budge,谢谢观看,谢谢观看,