中考英语专题复习前题型专题探究专题四阅读理解.pptx

归纳题型解法,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,专题四,阅读了解,第1页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,阅读了解题主要考查考生综合利用所学语言知识能力,包含阅读能力、了解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对阅读材料评定能力。试题中所选阅读文章题材广泛,包括政治、经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、科技等各个方面,而且体裁多样,包含记叙文、说明文、议论文及应用文等。,题型,1,判断正误型阅读了解,判断正误型阅读了解考查目标是考查学生判断识别文章所提供信息能力。命题方式通常是在短文后面给出,5,个句子,依据文章内容,判断所给句子正误。有句子提供是正确信息,有句子提供是错误信息,这类题目都可直接或间接在文章中找到答案,;,不过有句子信息在短文中并未直接或间接提及,要求考生含有综合判断文章所提供隐含信息能力,依据文章字里行间透出相关信息,做出合乎逻辑、符合文意判断。,第2页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,判断正误型阅读了解解题方法,:,1.,阅读原文,了解大意。,首先通读原文,捕捉文中所提供信息,抓住文章大意,理清文章脉络。,2.,审读题目,正确判断。,读懂短文内容后再审读题目,把握每个待判定句子含义,经过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关关键词,然后寻找关键词在文章中所在句子及段落,依据短文内容对试题所给出句子进行正误判断。,3.,重读原文,复核检验。,完成正误判断后必须将短文重读一遍,加深对短文了解,在此基础上再对每一道题进行复查,对有些似是而非句子,一定要重新认真识别。,第3页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,在解答判断正误型阅读了解时要注意以下几点,:,1,.,阅读文章时要掌握文章主旨和作者意图,重点捕捉与题目相关信息,不要过分推敲某个句子或某个语言点,不然会走入误区,干扰判断视线。,2,.,判断句子正误时切忌看过一道判断题目后,马上就从文章中搜寻答案,这么反重复复不但费时,而且因为缺乏对文章大意全方面了解,在判断时往往会有很大盲目性和片面性。,3,.,在对每一道题进行判断时,一定要从文章详细段落和句子中找到依据,做到有理有据,;,对于不能直接在原文中找到依据题目,应依据自己掌握综合知识以及文章中一些暗示或相关线索,经过认真地比较分析,准确了解作者意图。,第4页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,4,.,只有与文章意思完全相符句子,才能判定为正确,;,那些基本意思相符,却仍有一些细节与原文不相符应判定为错误。,5,.,有些正误判断题包括常识性知识或其它学科知识,如,:,西方文化背景知识、历史人物、地理知识等,所以考生应多了解英美国家习俗和文化背景,掌握跨学科知识,方便提升判断准确率。,第5页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,【例,1,】,依据短文内容,判断以下句子正误,正确用,“T”,错误用,“F”,。,A farmer,s dog,Dolly,had puppies(,小狗,),and the farmer needed to sell them.He painted a sign and put it in his yard.As he was putting up the sign,a little boy walked up to him.,“Sir,”he said,“I want to buy one of your dogs.”,“Well,”said the farmer,“these dogs are very expensive.”,“Can I just look?”asked the boy.,“Sure,”said the farmer and whistled(,吹口哨,).“Here,Dolly!”he called.,Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her.The boy became excited.Then,the little boy noticed another dog.This one was smaller.It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.,第6页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,“I want that one,”the boy said,pointing to the little dog.,The farmer said,“Son,you don,t want that dog.He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.”,The little boy reached down and rolled up(,卷起,)one leg of his trousers.He showed a cast(,石膏,)on his leg and a specially made shoe.He said,“You see,sir,I don,t run too well myself,and he will need someone who understands.”,The world is full of people who need someone who understands.,主旨大意,:,本文主要是经过一位腿有残疾、走路不便孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快狗,却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢小狗故事,诠释了一个生活哲理,生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互了解。,第7页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,1,.Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中,“.four little dogs followed her.”,及第三、四、五句可知多莉除了前面提到四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小小狗。故此处说多莉有四只小狗是不正确,它最少有五只小狗才对。,答案,解析,关闭,F,第8页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,2,.One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs were weak.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句,“It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.”,及第八段中,“He will never be able to run and play with you.”,能够推断这只小狗行动迟缓可能是因为它腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。,答案,解析,关闭,T,第9页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,3,.The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,细节了解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲话,“Son,you don,t want that dog.He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.”,可知,农夫确实提议男孩不要选择那只体形小狗。故此处正确。,答案,解析,关闭,T,第10页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,4,.Nothing was wrong with the boy,s leg.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,细节了解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知,这个男孩腿上打着石膏而且穿着特制鞋,而且后面男孩说,“.I don,t run too well myself.”,能够确定他腿是有问题。故此处错误。,答案,解析,关闭,F,第11页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,5,.We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,主旨大意题。结合短文最终五段,尤其是最终一句话,“The world is full of people who need someone who understands.(,这个世界上有很多需要他人了解人。,)”,能够提炼出这篇短文主旨是号召大家要关爱和了解弱势群体。故此处主旨归纳是正确。,答案,解析,关闭,T,第12页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,题型,2,选择型阅读了解,中考选择型阅读了解题主要考查学生语篇阅读能力、分析能力和判断能力。要求学生经过阅读能较快地了解短文大意,获取其中主要信息,然后依据试题要求从所给四个选项中选出最正确答案。常见有以下五种题型,:,1,.,细节了解题,细节了解题属表层了解题范围,难度较小,不过在整个阅读了解题中所占百分比最大。细节了解题主要从文章某个详细事实或细节出发来设计题目。这类题目标答案普通都能在文章中直接找到,做题前,可先浏览一下题目,然后带着问题快速阅读,找出能处理问题相关信息。不过一定要注意捕捉准确信息,进行了解分析,去伪存真,不然会陷入题目设下,“,陷阱,”,受其迷惑而误选干扰项。,第13页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,2,.,主旨归纳题,主旨归纳题所提问题主要包括文章中心思想、主要内容、标题等。在做主旨归纳题时,我们一定要注意选项内涵和外延必须能够恰如其分地概括文章主题。所以我们要善于捕捉文章中出现频率较高中心词汇和段落主题句。在选择文章最正确标题时,还要注意语言方面特点,:,题目往往含有凝练、醒目标特点。,3,.,推理判断题,推理判断题着重考查学生逻辑思维能力,难度较大,包括面较广,如人物心理、故事结局、文章寓意、作者态度或倾向等。,推理判断题答案往往在文章字面上不会出现,必须依据已经有信息来进行推理,不能脱离原文去主观臆断。所以,在做推理判断题时,必须从原文里找到推断依据。,第14页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,4,.,词义猜测题,词义猜测题意在考查学生在特定语境中了解词,(,词语、句子,),能力。其提问形式主要有,:,(1)The underlined sentence means,in this passage.,(2)What does the underlined word mean in News 2?,解答这类题目,必须认真阅读文章,经过上下文联络,结合已经有知识猜测其在详细语境中含义,下面介绍一些猜词技巧,:,经过因果关系猜词,;,经过同义词和反义词关系猜词,;,经过构词法猜词,;,经过定义或释义关系来推测词义,;,经过句法功效来推测词义,;,经过描述猜词。,第15页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,5,.,图表说明题,这是近几年各地比较受欢迎一个题型,包括内容有调查汇报、广告、超市或服装店等服务性行业促销活动,饭店、旅馆或学校以及公共场所规章制度等等,内容非常广泛。普通地说,这类题目看起来有点复杂,不过都不会太难,仔细阅读,都能够在表格内找到处理问题信息,;,个别题目会包括一些运算,应尤其细心。,选择型阅读了解解题方法,:,(1),初读全文,1),普通应先通读整篇短文,初步了解短文整体框架、大意及作者意向,并在抓住主要信息及各段中心内容同时,标出主要内容或有疑问地方。,2),也能够先快速浏览一下文章后面题目,明确要求,方便快速阅读全文时留心或抓住主要材料及关键词语,做到心中有数,有放矢。,第16页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(2),再读全文,目标是加深对文章整体把握以及对文章各段中心内容了解,深入思索并初步搞清或处理第一遍阅读时发觉疑问。,(3),细读试答,在认真研读题目,(“,题干,”,和,“,选项,”),、明确答题要求基础上,再细读短文相关部分方便决定答案。这一步至关主要,既要细心,又要在整体把握层面上上下照应、前后联络。普通来说,试题先后次序与短文所述内容次序基本上是一致,因而答题应按试题次序逐一去做,不过也有一些题目标设置与文章先后次序是不一致。答题标准应是先易后难,不会题目放在最终。,第17页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(4),复读核查,试答完各题之后,再读一遍短文,逐一查对答案。在这一步上,应该充分利用和注意到各题目之间相互关联或对应,要着力抓住起决定作用关键题目。关键题目正确是否会引发连锁反应,影响到读者对整篇文章了解与把握。所以,切莫忽略这一点。,第18页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,【例,2,】,(,福州中考,),Have you noticed your life becoming a little easier?Now,when you go to a certain shopping mall,you can enjoy its free Wi-Fi there.When you want to take a taxi,you can book one with your phone.In fact,all these can be seen as the basic parts of a smart city.,第19页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,The idea of a smart city was brought up by the US company IBM in.Generally,a smart city is a city that uses digital technologies such as the Internet to improve city planning,save money and resources,and make our life,convenient,.How smart can a city be?Here are great examples that we can learn from.,In,Dubuque became the first smart city in the US.The city used smart water meters to take the place of traditional water meters.They can detect(,探测,)water waste and leakage(,泄漏,)and send data to let the house owner know.The same system is used for other city resources like electricity and natural gas.This way,people know how they use their resources and are glad to help reduce waste.,第20页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,Santander in Spain also gives us a look at the future.If people point a phone toward a nearby bus stop,the phone immediately shows all bus lines that serve the stop as well as their arrival times.The government organized a research team and provided an App(,应用程序,)that collects data on almost everything:light,temperature,and the movements of cars and people.Opening the App near a supermarket provides immediate information on special offers.,主旨大意,:,本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了智慧城市应用举例。,第21页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,1,.According to the passage,which of the following is RIGHT?,A.Digital technologies are used in smart cities.,B.An English company first raised the idea of a smart city.,C.A smart city is mainly made up of free Wi-Fi and phones.,D.A smart city is still an idea and hasn,t come into being.,答案,解析,解析,关闭,推理判断题。是一家美国企业而非一家英国企业首先提出了智慧城市想法,故,B,项错误,;,智慧城市是利用像互联网之类数字科技为我们生活提供便利城市,并非主要由无偿,Wi-Fi,和手机组成,故,C,项表述是片面,;,在美国已经出现了一座智慧城市,故,D,项“智慧城市依然是一个想法并没有实际形成”表述错误。依据第二段第二句“,Generally,a smart city is a city that uses digital technologies.”,可知,A,项正确。,答案,解析,关闭,A,第22页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,2,.The underlined word“convenient”is the closest in meaning to“,”.,A.useful,B.normal,C.suitableD.easy,答案,解析,解析,关闭,词义猜测题。,useful“,有用”,;normal“,正常”,;suitable“,适当”,;easy“,轻易”。依据第一段第二、三句“,Now,when you go to a certain shopping mall,you can enjoy its free Wi-Fi there.When you want to take a taxi,you can book one with your phone.”,可知,智慧城市能够让我们生活更轻易,更便利,故选,D,项。,答案,解析,关闭,D,第23页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,3,.Compared to traditional water meters,smart water meters do better in,.,A.cleaning waterB.supplying water,C.saving waterD.producing water,答案,解析,解析,关闭,细节了解题。依据第三段中“,They can detect(,探测,)water waste and leakage(,泄漏,)and send data to let the house owner know.”(,他们能够探测水浪费和泄漏并把数据发送给房子主人让他们知道,),可知,智能水表在节水方面做得更加好,故选,C,项。,答案,解析,关闭,C,第24页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,4,.The example of Santander shows the use of smart systems in aspects(,方面,)EXCEPT,.,A.businessB.health care,C.traffic controllingD.public transportation,答案,解析,解析,关闭,细节了解题。依据最终一段可知,文章经过讲述西班牙城市桑坦德例子向我们展示了智慧城市在交通方面利用。而对于卫生保健方面只字未提。故选,B,项。,答案,解析,关闭,B,第25页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,答案,解析,解析,关闭,主旨大意题。通篇文章讲是智慧城市让我们生活更方便,并列举了两个智慧城市案例来证实此观点。所以,B,项正确。,答案,解析,关闭,B,5,.What,s the main idea of the passage?,A.Digital technologies help improve city planning.,B.Smart cities will make our future life better and smarter.,C.Smart cities are very common in both Dubuque and Santander.,D.Spain and the US take the leading position in building smart cities.,第26页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,题型,3,任务型阅读了解,任务型阅读了解题型多样,设题自由开放,内容广泛。该题型不但能考查学生阅读能力,还能考查学生语言组织能力、单词拼写能力、英汉互译能力以及其它语言知识,很好地呼应了新课标所提倡,“,任务型语言教学,”,模式。任务型阅读了解主要包含阅读短文回答下列问题型、短文还原型、阅读填表型等。,第27页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(,一,),阅读短文回答下列问题型,这类题型主要测试考生对英语文章了解能力和用英语进行表述和归纳能力,所选取短文难度和长度与阅读了解文章相同。每篇短文后附有,45,个问题或不完整句子,要求考生在阅读完短文后用句子、单词或短语,回答所提出问题或补全不完整句子。要想取得好成绩,掌握必要解题步骤和技巧是非常主要。,(1),通读全文。做简答题关键是要读懂原文。所以要先通读全文,搞清楚段落大意及文章中心意思以及作者基本观点、态度,正确了解语境。,(2),按题查读。即依据问题去寻找答案。认真阅读问题,充分了解问题,准确了解所问内容,确定需要在文章中查找对象,防止答非所问。,第28页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(3),简练作答。在基本确定了每道题回答内容之后,就要用简练、准确英语表示出来。注意回答下列问题时要切中关键点,不要画蛇添足。组织语言时,注意防止语法错误,如时态、主谓一致、句子结构和拼写等。如需引用原文,要作适当改动,最好不要整句照搬。,(4),认真核查。完成所填答案以后,再将原短文和补全后短文或句子放在一起,审读一遍,上下对比参考,逐一检验所填词是否符合原文主旨和细节,是否答非所问,是否仍存在语法、词汇拼写等错误,另外还应注意是否对字数有要求,检验是否符合要求。,第29页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,【例,3,】,Some countries are better than others at looking after the environment.In Europe,Germany(,德国,)and northern European countries work very hard to improve the environment.The people in Germany put their rubbish into different bags paper in one bag,plastic in another bag,etc.The rubbish is then taken away and,if possible,recycled(,回收,).There are laws that do not allow people to burn too much coal.,In the 1970s,as people learned more about environmental problems,the“Green”movement(,运动,)began and soon spread all over Europe.The“Green”movement tries to get governments to protect the environment.It collects information about how industry is damaging(,毁坏,)the environment and tells newspapers.,第30页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,1,.Which countries in Europe work very hard to improve the environment?,2,.Who put rubbish into different bags?,3,.Can the people in Germany burn too much coal?,4,.When did the“Green”movement begin?,5,.What does the“Green”movement try to do?,答案：,1.Germany and northern European countries.,2.The people in Germany.,3.No,they can,t.,4.In the 1970s.,5.It tries to get governments to protect the environment.,第31页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(,二,),短文还原型,短文还原型阅读了解考查方法是从短文中摘出几个句子,然后再要求学生把这几个句子还原到原处,目标是考查学生对整篇文章了解能力和组织分析利用语言能力。做短文还原型阅读了解这类题可尝试以下方法,:,(1),在做题前要将文章快速地通读一遍,了解文章大意。这么能够防止在选择时前后冲突现象。,(2),前后联络,精读试填。,在阅读文章基本意思基础上,联络上下文内容,从上下文所给出句子意思以及所给选项意思中寻求解题提醒。这是解题主要步骤,要细心分析,严密论证。,第32页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(3),复读全文,确定答案。,答案确定后,将全文再读一遍,要看一看所选句子填入短文后是否使短文前后连贯,语法结构是否正确,是否符合英语习惯。对在阅读中发觉问题要进行局部调整,在更换答案时既要遵照语法规则,又要兼顾全篇。,(4),纵观全文,确定标题。,文章第一句往往是主题句或中心句,所以要加以重视。另外在阅读时应抓住文章关键句,比如文章第一句或段落第一句等,它们往往是全文或全段主题。,总之,做短文还原型阅读了解要通观全局,把握好局部,让还原后句子既通顺又正确。,第33页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,【例,4,】,The earth is about 4,600 million years old.We humans have lived on the earth for only 35,000 years,but during this period we have changed our planet a lot in many ways.,1,All over the world,people have cut down millions of trees,so more and more kinds of animals and plants are disappearing.In big cities,cars and buses have polluted the air.Factories have also polluted the land and the water.,2,It is important to the earth.But now air pollution is destroying it and that has made a very big hole in the ozone layer(,臭氧层,).,3,This is very dangerous because it can cause cancer.,答案,答案,关闭,1.C,解析,:,由下文提到是人们做对地球不利事情可知,C,项适合填在此处。,2.D,解析,:,由下文可知此处谈论是空气污染,故选,D,项。,3.B,解析,:,由上文,“,臭氧层,”,和下文可知答案为,B,项。,第34页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,Carbon dioxide(CO,2,)in the air has increased a lot.,4,It has formed a“blanket”(,毛毯,)around the earth.,5,This makes our earth become warmer and warmer.Therefore,this causes the level of the ocean to rise.,All these problems are very serious.We must do something to stop our earth from being polluted anymore.,A.The heat from the sun can,t escape,so the temperature is rising.,B.Too much harmful light from the sun passes through it and reaches the earth directly.,C.Some things we,ve done are very good for the earth while some are bad.,D.Around the earth,there,s a special kind of oxygen(O,2,)called“ozone”(O,3,).,E.It mainly comes from different kinds of burning materials.,答案,答案,关闭,4.E,解析,:,由上一句内容可知答案为,E,项。,5.A,解析,:,由下一句,“This makes our earth become warmer and warmer.”,可知此处选,A,项。,第35页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(,三,),阅读填表型,这类试题是在阅读完文章后,要求读者依据阅读所取得信息完成表格,以到达相同内容不一样表示目标。,做这类阅读题时要注意以下几点,:,(1),所填词以实词为主,有些要填词能够直接从原文中找到。,(2),所填词必须首先符合语义适用标准,所以不能看一空就填一空,那样可能所填词符合本句话意思,但不符合全文内容。所以要纵观全文,围绕中心意思,全盘综合考虑来确定词义。,第36页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,(3),所填词要符合语法规则,必须从词句搭配、句型结构以及人称、时态、语态上来判定所填词正确形式。,(4),寻读相关段落或词句时应仔细对照留有空格句子,准确了解并找出充分依据来确定该空格应填词义。,(5),要把握原短文中心意思,必须重视对短文首段和末段阅读和了解,学会在段落中找准主题句,这么才有利于挖掘全文中心意思。,第37页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,【例,5,】,Katie Spotz is a 22-year-old girl from America.She wants to cross the Atlantic Ocean by boat.If she succeeds,she,ll be the youngest and the first American to finish the 2,500-mile trip.,Spotz began sailing when she was at university,but she has never tried to sail such a long way before.It will be a great challenge for her.In recent years,she has swum all the way down the 325-mile Allegheny River and traveled by bike from Seattle to Washington.Spotz knows that she may see some dangerous things during the trip.It will be very dangerous if she meets very bad weather in the middle of the sea.But she believes that she can deal with all the difficulties.,第38页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,“I never thought I could run 26 miles,”she said.“But once I finished it,I realized that maybe I could do something even more difficult.”,Spotz wants to collect money by going on this trip.She wants to collect money for an organization called“Blue Planet Run”.The organization offers free,safe drinking water to people who need it.,It,ll take her about three months to finish this trip.Good luck to this brave girl and best wishes to her!,第39页,题型,1,题型,2,题型,3,答案,答案,关闭,1.22,解析,:,由句子,“Katie Spotz is a 22-year-old girl from America.”,可知她二十二岁了。,2.2,500,解析,:,由句子,“If she succeeds,she,ll be the youngest and the first American to finish the 2,500-mile trip.”,可知旅行距离是,2,500,英里。,3.bad,解析,:,由句子,“It will be very dangerous if she meets very bad weather in the middle of the sea.”,可知糟糕天气在旅行中是危险事情。,4.money,解析,:,由句子,“Spotz wants to collect money by going on this trip.”,可知旅行目标是筹钱。,5.3/three,解析,:,由句子,“It,ll take her about three months to finish this trip.”,可知旅行大约三个月。,第40页,