功能语法SFG13cohesionandcoherence.pptx

,Asl balk stili iin tklatn,Asl metin stillerini dzenlemek iin tklatn,İkinci dzey,nc dzey,Drdnc dzey,Beinci dzey,*,Asl balk stili iin tklatn,Asl metin stillerini dzenlemek iin tklatn,İkinci dzey,nc dzey,Drdnc dzey,Beinci dzey,*,COHERENCE&COHESION,Yang Xueqian,Introduction:,Cohesion,and,coherence,are terms used in,discourse analysis,and,text linguistics,to describe the properties of written texts.,Advertising language tends not to use clear markers of,c,ohesion,but is interpreted as being,c,oherent,.,How about“,语音室使用有关要求”？,Definitions:,Coherence:,The ways a text makes sense to readers,&,writer,through the relevance and accessibility of its configuration of concepts,ideas and theories.,Cohesion:,The grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text which hold it together.,Coherence vs.Cohesion,Coherence:,very,general,principle of interpretation of language in context,fewer formal,linguistic features,e.g vocabulary choice,relationships deal with,text as a whole,based on primarily,semantic relationships,Cohesion:,formal,linguistic features,e.g repetition,reference,semantic relationships between,sentences,and,within sentences,determined by,lexically,and,grammatically,overt intersentential,relationships,Is it coherent or not?,The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead peoples bodies by making mummies of them.Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact.The skin,hair,teeth,fingernails and toenails,and facial features of the mummies were evident.It is possible to diagnose the disease they suffered in life,such as smallpox,arthritis,and nutritional deficiencies.The process was remarkably effective.Sometimes apparent were the fatal afflictions of the dead people:a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head,and polio killed a child king.Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs,applying natural preservatives inside and out,and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages.,Below is the same paragraph revised for coherence.,Italics,indicates pronouns and repeated key words,bold,indicates transitional tag-words,and,underlining,indicates parallel structures.,The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead peoples bodies by,making mummies,of them.,In short,mummification,consisted of removing the internal organs,applying natural preservatives inside and out,and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages.,And,the process,was remarkably effective.,Indeed,mummies,several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact.,Their,skin,hair,teeth,fingernails and toenails,and facial features,are,still,evident.,Their,diseases in life,such as smallpox,arthritis,and nutritional deficiencies,are,still,diagnosable,.,Even,their,fatal afflictions,are,still,apparent,:a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head;a child king died from polio.,Cohesive tie,A text is a semantic unit whose parts are linked together by explicit,cohesive ties,.,Cohesive tie:,a semantic and/or lexico-grammatic relation between an element in text and some other element that is crucial to interpretetion of it.,C,ohesive ties,across sentence boundariesare those which allow sequences of sentences to be understood as text.,Cohesion therefore defines a text as text.,R,eference,S,ubstitution,E,llipsis,C,onjunction,L,exical,C,ohesion,cohesive devices that signal coherence in texts:,Grammatical Cohesion,Reference,Reference:,Replacement of words and expressions with pro-forms,.,e.g pronouns,pro-modifiers.,Three types of reference:,Personal,Demonstrative,Comparative,Personal,(communication goal of referent),Demonstrative,(proximity of referent),Comparative,(similarity to preceding referent),REFERENCE,Reference,Types of reference:,Personal Reference,a reference by means of,person,includes;,Personal pronouns(e.g.,I,he,she),Possesive pronouns(e.g.,mine,hers,his),Possesive determiners(e.g.,my,your,her),e.g.,English,is considered an international language.,It,is a spoken by more than 260 million people all over the world.,They,told,me you,had gone by,her,car,Demonstrative Reference,essentially a form of verbal pointing,the speaker identifies the referent by locating it,on a scale of proximity.,In general,this,these,and,here,imply,proximity,to the speaker;,that,those,and,there,imply,distance,from the speaker.,Demonstrative Reference,Like personals,the demonstratives regularly refer exophorically to something within the context of situaiton.,e.g.,How do you like a cruise in,that,yacht?,Pick,these,up!,Comparative,Reference,contributes to textual cohesion by setting up a relation of contrast,expressed by such adjactives as,same,identical,equal,adjectives in a comparative degree such as,bigger,faster,and adverbs such as,identically,likewise,so,such,etc.,e.g.,She has a,similarly,furnished room to mine.,The,little,dog barked as,noisily,as the big one.,They asked me three,equally,difficult questions,.,REFERENCE,(Situational),EXO,PHORA,(Textual),ENDO,PHORA,ANA,PHORA,CATA,PHORA,Halliday and Hasan call within text cohesive ties,endophoric,and references,items outside the text,exophoric,:,OUT,(,SIDE,),IN(SIDE,),Halliday and Hasan call within text cohesive ties,endophoric,e.g.,Wash six apples.Put,them,into a dish.,an example of an,endophoric reference,when,them,referred back to,apples,.,Reference signals to the reader what kind of information is to be retrieved.,Them,therefore,signals to the reader that he or she needs to look back in the text to find its meaning.,Endophora,e.g.,We went to Devon for a holiday.,The,people we stayed with had four children.,The,eldest girl was about nine.,The first,the,is,cataphoric,since there is no lexical relation between people and anything,in the preceding sentence.,The second,the,is both,cataphoric,and,anaphoric,Cataphoric:eldest,defines,girl,Anaphoric:girl,is related to,children,Anaphora(to preceding text),Cataphora(to following text),Halliday and Hasan call references,items outside the text,exophoric,:,e.g.,For,he,s a jolly good fellow,And so say all of us.,As readers outside of this environment,we are unfamiliar with who the,he,is that is being referred to,B,ut,most likely,the people involved are aware of the,he,.,W,hen the meaning is not explicit from the text itself,but is obvious to those in a particular situation.This is called,exophoric reference.,Substitution,Substitution:,R,eplacement of one item by another,.,A relation in the wording rather than in the meaning.,somewhat different from reference in that another word,takes the place of the thing that is being discusse,d.,Types of Substitution:,Nominal,Verbal,Clausal,Types of Substitution,Nominal Substitution:,Nominal substitutes;,for noun head:,one/ones,for nominal complement:,the same,for attribute:,so,e.g.,John seems to be intelligent.,Is he really,so,?,Nominal Substitution:,The pronoun,one,is often used in nominal references,.,e.g.,Lets go and see the bears.The polar,ones,are over on that rock.,In this sentence,ones,is taking the place of bears in the previous sentence.,e.g.,Winter is often so damp.,The same,is true for the,summer,.,The verbal substitute in English is,do,.,Verbal substitutes;,for verb:do,be,have,for process:do the same/likewise,for proposition:do so,be so,e.g.,The words did not come to the same as they used to,do,.,e.g.,I finally called on him.I have wanted to,do(so),for a long time.,Verbal Substitution:,Clausal Substitution:,The clausal substitutes;,for positive:,so,for negative:,not,In clausal substitution the entire clause is presupposed,and the contrasting element is outside the clause,.,Clausal Substitution:,e.g.,Is there going to be an earthquake?,It says,so,.,so,presupposes the whole of the clause theres going to be an earthquake and contrastive environment is provided by the says which is outside it.,e.g.,Has everyone gone home?,I hope,not,.,Ellipsis,Ellipsis:,Deletion of words,expressions or phrases,Simply substitution by zero.,Types of Ellipsis:,Nominal,Verbal,Clausal,Types of Ellipsis,Nominal Ellipsis:,ellipsis within the nominal group.,e.g.,Here are,thirteen cards,.,Take any(,-,).Now give me any three(,-,).,e.g.,Some say one,thing,others say another(,-,).,e.g.,Which,hat,will you wear?,This is the best(,-,).,e.g.,Have another,chocolate,.,No thanks;that was my third(,-,).,e.g.,Smith was the first,person,to leave.I was the second,(,-,).,Verbal Ellipsis:,ellipsis within the verbal group.,e.g.,Have you,been swimming,?Yes,I have.,e.g.,What,have,you,been,doing?Swimming.,e.g.,Is he,complaining,?He may be;I dont care.,e.g.,I havent,finished,it yet.I hope youre going to have by tomorrow.,e.g.,Some,were,laughing and others cyring.,e.g.,Were you,laughing,?No I wasnt.,e.g.,John,came,did not he?NO,but he will.,Clausal Ellipsis:,e,llipsis,in which an entire clause is elided from a sentence.,e.g.,Smith was going to take part but somebody,telephoned and asked to see him urgently,so he had to withdraw.-Who?,e.g.,I kept quiet because,Mary gets embarrassed if anyone mentions about Johns name,.I dont know why.,e.g.,Who,could have broken those tiles,?-I cant think who.,Conjuctions,Conjunctions:,a word or group of words used to connect words,phrases,or clauses.,mark certain relationsips between clauses and sentences,Four categories:,Additive,Adversative,Causal,Temporal,Categories of Conjunction,Examples:,For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainnside,almost without stopping.,And,in all this time he met no one.,Additive,Yet,he was hardly aware of being tired.,Adversative,So,by the night time the valley was far below him.,Causal,Then,as dusk fell,he sat down to rest.,Temporal,Types of Conjunction,Additive type,The additive is a kind of conjunctive relation which is closer to coordination.,Additive words are such as,and,also,nor,or else,moreover,in addition,besides,by the way,that is,likewise,similarly,conversely,thus,for instance.,e.g.,My client says he does not know his witness.,Further,he denies ever having seen her.,e.g.,Perhaps she missed her train.,Or else,shes changed her mind and isnt coming.,Types of Conjunction,Ad,versative type,The basic meaning of the ad,versative relation is contrary to expectation.,Adversative words are such as,yet,but,however,despite this,on the other hand,in fact,instead,either way,anyhow,nevertheless,rather,etc.,e.g.,All the figures were correct;theyd been checked.,Yet,the total came out wrong.,e.g.,We maybe back tonight;Im not sure.,Either way,just make yourself at home.,Types of Conjunction,Causal type,Causal relation involves primarily reason,result and purpose relations between the sentences.,Causal,words are such as,so,thus,hence,therefore,arising out of this,in that case,otherwise,because,as a result(of this),on this basis,accordingly,.,e.g.,You are not leaving,are you?,Because,Ive got something to say to you.,e.g.,I was not informed.,Otherwise,I should have taken some action.,Types of Conjunction,Temporal type,The relation between two successive sentences.,Conjunctions of this type are such as,then,next,afterward,previously,finally,at last,meanwhile,next day,first,from now on,to sum up,in short,henceforward,hitherto,up to now,this time,etc.,e.g.,The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit.,Until then,they had been nothing of the panaroma around them.,e.g.,At last,he finished the rehersal for his role.,CONJUNCTIONS,Coordinating,conjunctions,connect words,phrases,or clauses of equal grammatical rank.,For,a,nd,n,or,b,ut,o,r,y,et,s,o,e.g.,I used phonics in learning to read,and,so did you,.,e.g.,Though,he seemed to be tired,he did not refused to go out.,Subordinating conjunctions,connect clauses that are of subordinate importance to the,independent clause or to some element in the main clause.,although,except,though,while,if,whether as,as if,where,wherever,in order that,so that,after,as long as,as soon as,before,since,when,etc.,Coordination,Subordination,Lexical Cohesion,Lexical Cohesion:,achieved by the selection of vocabulary.,Types of,Lexical Cohesion,:,Reiteration,Collocation,Types of,Lexical Cohesion,Reiteration:,a form of lexical cohesion which involves repetition,s,ynonym or near synonym,superordinate and a general noun.,e.g.,Pollution,of our environment has occurred for centuries,but it has become a significant,health problem,only within the last century.Atmospheric,pollution,contributes to respiratory disease,and to lung cancer in particular.Other,health problems,directly related to air pollutants include heart disease,eye irritation and so on,.,Repetition,Reiteration:,e.g.,Henrys has bought a new,J,aguar,.He practically lives in the,car,.,Superordinate,e.g.,I turned to,the,ascent,of the peak.,The climb,is perfectly is easy.,Synonym,e.g.,I turned to,the,ascent,of the peak.,The thing,is perfectly is easy,.,General noun,e.g.,There is a,boy,climbing that tree.,The lad,is going to fall if he doesnt take care.,Near-Synonym,Collocation:,Cohesion that is achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly,co-occur,.,These lexical items or words tend to occur in similar environments.,For instance,;hair/comb,reader/writer,door/window,chair/table,north/south,peace/war,bee/honey etc.,e.g.,Why does this little,boy,wriggle all the time?,Girl,dont wriggle.,Analysis of Coherence,Hello,James Gleick,said A the other day(click here if youre someone else).Take a peek at your brand new music recommendations.,I peeked.Amazons computers predicted that I would like the Beastie Boys,Adiemus,Frank Sinatra,Harvey Danger,and the Dave Matthews Band.What an impressive list!All right,I dont actually care for any of these,but still.It was quite a shot in the dark,considering Id never been to Amazons music department before.This is the way its going on the Internet:if marketers want your money and your time and your eyeballs,they feel they should figure out who you are and what you like.,Analysis of Coherence:,Repetition of:,Repetition of pronoun:,Pronoun reference:,Transitional tag:,Pronoun reference:,Repetition and parallel form:,Pronoun reference:,Parallel form:,Analysis of Coherence:,Repetition of:,peek,Repetition of pronoun:,I,Pronoun reference:,these,Transitional tag:,but still,Pronoun reference:,it,this,Repetition and parallel form:,your money and your time and your,eyeballs,Pronoun reference:,they and you,Parallel form:,who you are and what you like,References:,Halliday&Hasan(1976).,Cohesion in English,.Longman.London&Newyork.,Hyland,K.(2023).,English for Academic Purposes,.Routledge,Great Britain.,Reid,J.M.,The Process of Composition.,Second Edition.Prentice Hall Regents.,