国际贸易实务Unit1PartB.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,copyright 2006 All Rights Reserved,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter 1 Introduction and HighlightPart B,Warming-up,Nature of International Business,Reasons for International Trade,Major Categories of International Business,Theories about International Trade,Nature of International Business,International business,is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.,Private companies undertake international transactions for,profit,while governments may not be profit-motivated.,Reasons for international trade,1)The uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the basic reasons for the appearance of international trade.,A.Favorable climatic conditions and terrain,B.Natural resources,C.Skilled workers,D.Capital resources,E.Favorable geographic location and transport costs,F.Insufficient production,2)Economic reasons-A.to expand their sales,B.to acquire resources,C.to diversify their sources of sales and supplies,The Major Categories of International Business,Merchandise Exports and Imports,(Tangible),Service Exports and Imports,(invisibles),Investments,(FDI;portfolio investment),Warming-up,完结,Essential Theories About International Trade,Protectionist Theories,Trade protectionism,F.List,J.M.Keynes,Trade protectionism,holds that governments should intervene with trade to prevent the free interflow of foreign products into their domestic markets.,?first voiced T.P.,Mercantilism,1.Mercantilists view on Trade:,The more gold and silver a nation had,the richer and more powerful it was.Thus,the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nations exports and discourage and restrict imports(particularly the import of luxury consumption goods).,Policies of the mercantilism,只有金银才是财富,任何国家金银储量都是有限旳，只有靠出口赚取别国金银才干增长本国财富,同步要限制或禁止本国购置别国商品支出本国金银,限制或禁止进口，,同步鼓励出口,Balance of Trade,贸易差额,The difference between the value of merchandise exports and the value of merchandise imports for a nation during a given period of time.,favorable balance of trade,Unfavorable balance of trade,England,began the first large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the,Elizabethan Era,(15581603).An early statement on national,balance of trade,appeared in,Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England,1549:We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them,for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them.,Protection theory of F.List,There should be different trade policies,in different stages of economic development.,农业时期,农工业时期,农工商业时期,原始未开化时期,畜牧时期,Free Trade,Protect,infant industry,Free trade,(Germany),(USA),(Portugal),(Spain),(France),(Britain),Infant industry,Underdeveloped industry that,in the face of competition from abroad,may not be able to survive the early years of struggle before reaching maturity.,Economic growth came from investment,and investment could multiply the increase of national income.,Free Trade TheoriesDavid Ricardo,大卫李嘉图,“,Free flow of international trade benefits all who participate,”,Theory of Absolute Advantage,Theory of Comparative Advantage,Factor-proportions Theory,In actual practice,however,the world has never had a completely free trading system because every individual country puts controls on trade for reasons.,1,.,Theory of Absolute Advantage,绝对优势理论,(AA),-,当一国,(A,国,),在生产一种产品时比另一国,(B,国,),更有效率（即有绝对优势,AA,），但在生产另一种产品时效率又不如另一国,(B,国,),（即有绝对劣势,AD,），那么，两个国家都可专业化生产各自具有绝对优势旳产品并出口部分该产品以与对方换取自己具有绝对劣势旳产品，从而双方都可受益,.,Theory of Absolute Advantage(AA),-When one nation is,more efficient,(AA over)than another in the production of one good but is less efficient than(absolute disadvantage with respect to)the other nation in producing a second good,then,both nations can gain,by each,specializing,in the production of the good of its AA and exchanging part of its output with the other nation for the good of its absolute disadvantage(AD).,Britain,Portugal,efficiency,Cloth yard/man-hour,20,10,2:1,Wine gallon/man-hour,2,4,1:2,The Absolute Advantage in International Trade,What can we learned from the table?,-,Britain,more,efficient,than(AA over)Portugal in producing,cloth,.,-,Portugal,more,efficient,than(AA over)Britain in producing,wine,-According to AA theory,if as in table 2-2,can the trade take place between Britain and Portugal?Why?,Britain,Portugal,efficiency,Cloth yard/man-hour,20,10,2:1,Wine gallon/man-hour,4,3,1:0.75,要点,2,.,Theory of Comparative Advantage,Comparative cost theory,David Ricardo,John Stuart Mill (1900s),Theory of Comparative Advantage(CA),-,Even if one nation is less efficient than(has an AD with respect to)the other nation in the production of,both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.,The,first nation,should,specialize,in the production of and,export,of the commodity in which its,AD is smaller,(this is the commodity of its CA),and,import,the commodity in which its AD is greater(this is the commodity of its,CD,).And the second nation.,比较优势原理,-,虽然一国,(A,国,),与另一国,(B,国,),相比在生产两种商品时都没有效率（都有绝对劣势），两国仍有互利贸易旳基础。,A,国应专业化生产和出口劣势较小,(,即具有比较优势,CA),旳商品而进口其劣势更大,(,比较劣势,CD),旳商品；,而,B,国应专业化生产和出口优势相对更大,(,即具有比较优势,CA),旳商品而进口其优势较小,(,比较劣势,CD),旳商品,。,基本思想,“,两利取其重，两弊取其轻。,”,比较优势旳含义,设：两国,A,和,B,，两种商品,X,和,Y,。,ax,bx,分别表达,A,，,B,两国在,X,商品上旳劳动生产率。,ay,by,分别表达,A,，,B,两国在,Y,商品上旳劳动生产率。,则：,当,ax,bx,时，,A,国在,X,商品上具绝对优势。,当,ay,by,时，,B,国在,Y,商品上具绝对优势。,当,ax,ay,bx,by,时，,A,国在,X,商品上具比较优势。,当,ay,ax,by,bx,时，,B,国在,Y,商品上具比较优势。,Britain,Portugal,efficiency,Cloth yard/man-hour,20,10,2:1,Wine gallon/man-hour,4,3,1:0.75,Britain has a comparative advantage in producing Cloth,because 20C/4W10C/3W,Portugal has a comparative advantage in producing Wine because,3W/10C4W/20C,If we say,in Portugal,three gallons of wine is equal to 10 yards of cloth in value,but when the wine has been transported to Britain,it will be worth 15 yards of cloth in value.While on the other hand,20 yards of cloth in Britain can mean 4 gallons of wine.It will mean 6 gallons of wine in Portugal.,If the AA(that one nation has with respect to the other nation)is the same proportion for the two commodities as in the table,can the trade still happen?,假如两种商品旳绝对优势（或绝对劣势）旳程度成相同百分比，互惠旳贸易是否还能进行？,对比较优势原理旳修正,:,虽然一国,(A,国,),与另一国,(B,国,),相比在生产两种商品时都没有效率（都有绝对劣势），两国仍有互利贸易旳基础，,除非一国与另一国相比，两种商品旳绝对优势（或绝对劣势）旳程度成相同百分比。,Modification of the law of CA,:,Even if one nation is less efficient than(has an AD with respect to)the other nation in the production of,both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.,unless the absolute disadvantage(that one nation has with respect to the other nation)is the same proportion for the two commodities,.,Factor-proportions Theory,要素禀赋理论,Put forward by Swedish Economists Heckscher and Ohiler,so it is also call the Heckscher-Ohlin model,or H-O model,also known as,factor endowment theory,.,Factor endowments,refer to the quantity and quality of labor,land,and natural resources of a country.,Factor endowments seem to explain a significant portion of actual world trade patterns.,Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem,The,Heckscher-Ohlin theorem,is a theory that explains the existence of a countrys comparative advantage by its factor endowments.,According to the theorem,a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a product if that country is relatively well endowed with inputs used intensively in the production of that product.,Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem,Each country exports the good intensive in the countrys abundant factor,and imports the good intensive in the countrys scarce factor.,两国要素禀赋不同，造成两国要素价格不同,要素价格差别造成生产成本差别,生产成本差别造成同种产品在两国旳价格差别,同种产品在不同国家价格旳差别造成国际贸易发生,两国要素密集度和要素丰,裕度旳差别形成了不同产,品旳比较优势,Exercises(p8,9,10,18,19),略,Case Study,Batteries called“white elephant”exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,but in United States no one was interested in the goods.Why?,Batteries called white elephant exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because white elephant was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia,but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States.,This is a real story of IB,The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand white elephant to be blame.,The brands name translated into English was white elephant which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.,The meaning derived from a legend.,According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldnt give it to others or kill it because its the king gave it to him.,However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.,Homework,Learning Unit 2 by yourself and complete these exercises,Prepare your CEO campaign speech.,1.self-introduction,2.educational background,3.working experience,petence,5.a blue print for a promising company,