华盛顿欧文.ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Washington Irving,Washington Irving(1783-1859)American author,short story writer,essayist,poet,travel book writer,biographer,and columnist.,He,was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation,and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the American literary history and Father of the American short stories.,Washington Irving,As a writer,Washington Irving was so naturally endowed that he seemed to drift into his career at the whim of circumstances and his own inclinations.He was born in New York City,the youngest of eleven children of a wealthy merchant.From a very early age he began to read widely and write poems,essays,and plays.,Washington Irving,Irvings hope,plan and dreams come to a crashing halt after the loss of his only love,yet he found his refuge from the grief in the researches on,A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty,which was a great success and won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809.With the publication of,The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.,Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.The book contains familiar essays on the English life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like“Rip Van Winkle”and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.,Washington Irving,Irvings relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.He parodies or imitates Homer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swift and many other favorites of his.He was also absorbed in what he called“the rich mine of German literature”and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories“Rip Van Winkle”and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.However,it is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.,Washington Irving,Irvings taste was essentially conservative.This social conservation and literary preference for the past is revealed,to some extent,in his famous story“Rip Van Winkle”.,We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality.The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.He is worth the honor of being“the American Gold-smith”for his literary craftsmanship.,Writing style,Imitative,but highly skillful,His writing with great humor,Vivid and true characters,Avoid moralizing as much as possible,Never shocking and a bit sentimental at time.,His earliest work was a sparkling,satirical,History of New York,(1809),The Sketch Book,(1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon)-contains Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The Life of George Washington,(1855-59,five volumes),His Major Works,Contribution,He was the first romantic writer,the first to get international fame.,He was the father of American literature,He made short story as a genre,His stories based on the legends of Europe and gave his readers a glimpse of a world beyond their own shores.,His colorful legends of the Hudson River Valley helped awaken American to an appreciation of their nation and its native literature.,Rip Van Winkle,Rip Van Winkle,“Rip Van Winkle”is not only well-known for Rips 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature and in the English language as well.Rip,an indolent,good-natured Dutch-American,lives with his shrewish wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution.One day,while hunting in a mountain with his dog Wolf,he meets a dwarflike stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion.He helps him to carry a keg,and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins.After drinking of the liquor they provide,Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20years,during which the Revolutionary War takes place.He awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has generally altered.Upon entering the village,he is greeted by his old dog which dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead.,Rip Van Winkle,Rip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter,now the mother of a family,and is soon befriended with his generosity and cheerfulness.,In the story Irving skillfully presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different words before and after Rips 20 years sleep.,Rip Van Winkle,By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains,and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era,Irving describes Rips response and reaction in a dramatic way,so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the,preference of the past to the present,and the preference of a dream-like world to the real one.,The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow,睡谷的传说,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town,in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow.It tells the story of Ichabod Crane,a lean,lanky,and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut,who competes with Abraham Brom Bones Van Brunt,the town rowdy,for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel,the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer,Baltus Van Tassel.As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night,he is pursued by the Headless horseman,who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper,who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during some nameless battle of the American Revolutionary War,and who rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head.,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town,leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones,who was to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related.Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation,the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom Bones in disguise.,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,The,Legend of Sleepy Hollow,was based on a German folktale,set in the Dutch culture of Post-Revolutionary War in New York State.,The headless horseman was often seen here.An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow.The horseman made him climb up behind.They rode over bushes,hills,and swamps.When they reached the bridge,the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton.He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder.,The Headless Horseman,It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper,whose head had been carried away by a cannon-ball,in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War,and who is ever and anon(,不时的,)seen by the country folk hurrying along in the gloom of night,as if on the wings of the wind.His haunts are not confined to the valley,but extend at times to the adjacent roads,and especially to the vicinity of a church at no great distance.Indeed,certain of the most authentic historians of those parts,who have been careful in collecting and collating the floating facts concerning this specter,allege that the body of the trooper having been buried in the churchyard,the ghost rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head,and that the rushing speed with which he sometimes passes along the Hollow,like a midnight blast,is owing to his being belated,and in a hurry to get back to the churchyard before daybreak.,Ichabod Crane,Figure,A conscientious,（认真的）,and stern schoolmaster,Spare the rod and spoil the child,Poor,Fearful pleasure,：,wander lonely the spell-bound region,listen to tales of ghosts and goblins,，,particularly of the headless horseman,A singing-master who instruct the folks in psalmody(,赞美诗,),He was tall,but exceedingly lank,with narrow shoulders,long arms and legs,hands that dangled(,晃动,)a mile out of his sleeves,feet that might have served for shovels(,铲子,),and his whole frame most loosely hung together.His head was small,and flat at top,with huge ears,large green glassy(,无神的,)eyes,and a long snipe,鹬,nose,so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew.To see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day,with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him,one might have mistaken him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth,or some scarecrow,稻草人,eloped from a cornfield.,Katrina Van Tassel,the daughter and only child of a substantial Dutch farmer,Beautiful and a little of a coquette(,卖弄风情的女人,),wealthy and rich,Brom Van Brunt,burly,roaring,roystering,（喝酒喧器的）,blade,the nickname of BROM BONES,more mischief than ill-will in his composition,overbearing,（专横的）,roughness,a degree of rough chivalry,（骑士品质）,in his nature,Ichabod VS.Brom,Brom plans to open warfare,by the single combat.,Ichabod keeps,obstinately peaceful solution.,Brom,plays boorishly,（粗鲁的）,jokes upon his rival.,After the End of the Party:,It was the very witching time of night that Ichabod,，,heavy hearted,（心情沉重）,and crest-fallen,（垂头丧气），,pursued his travels homewards,，,along the sides of the lofty hills which rise above Tarry Town,，,and which he had traversed so cheerily in the afternoon.,After the End of the Party:,It was the very witching time of night that Ichabod,，,heavy hearted,（心情沉重）,and crest-fallen,（垂头丧气），,pursued his travels homewards,，,along the sides of the lofty hills which rise above Tarry Town,，,and which he had traversed so cheerily in the afternoon.,The hair of the affrighted pedagogue rose upon his head with terror.What was to be done,？,To turn and fly was now too late,；,and besides,，,what chance was there of escaping ghost or goblin,，,if such it was,，,which could,ride upon the wings of the wind,（乘风驾雾）？,Summoning up,（鼓起勇气），,therefore,，,a show of courage,，,he demanded in stammering,（结巴的）,accents,，“,Who are you,？”,He received no reply.,He repeated his demand in a still more,agitated,（激动的）,voice.Still there was no answer.Once more he,cudgelled,（用短棍打,）,the sides of the inflexible,Gunpowder,（黑火药），,and,，,shutting his eyes,，,broke forth with involuntary fervor into a psalm,（圣歌）,tune.Just then the shadowy object of alarm put itself in motion,，,and with a scramble and a bound stood at once in the middle of the road.,On,mounting,（登上）,a rising ground,，,which brought the figure of his fellow-,traveller,in relief against the sky,，,gigantic in height,，,and,muffled,（裹住的）,in a cloak,，,Ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he was headless,！,but his horror was still more increased on observing that the head,，,which should have rested on his shoulders,，,was carried before him on the,pommel,（鞍头）,of his saddle,！,His terror rose to desperation,；,he rained a shower of kicks and blows upon Gunpowder,，,hoping by a sudden movement to give his companion the slip,；,but the,specter,（幽灵）,started full jump with him.Away,，,then,，,they,dashed,（飞跑,）,through thick and thin,；,stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound.,Ichabods,flimsy garments fluttered,（轻薄的衣服飘动）,in the air,，,as he stretched his long lank(,削瘦的）,body away over his horses head,，,in the eagerness of his flight.,he gained the opposite side,；,and now Ichabod cast a look behind to see if his pursuer should,vanish,（消失），,according to rule,，,in a flash of fire and,brimstone,（硫磺）,.Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups,（马镫），,and in the very act of hurling,（爱尔兰式球戏）,his head at him.Ichabod,endeavored,（努力）,to dodge the horrible missile,，,but too late.It encountered his,cranium,（脑壳）,with a tremendous crash,，,he was tumbled,headlong,（头向前的）,into the dust,，,and Gunpowder,，,the black,steed,（骏马），,and the goblin rider,，,passed by like a,whirlwind,（旋风）,.,The Ending of Ichabod Crane,The next morning the old horse was found without his,saddle,（马鞍）,on the bank of a broad part of the brook,，,where the water ran deep and black,，,was found the hat of the unfortunate Ichabod,，,and close beside it a,shattered,（摔的粉碎的）,pumpkin.,The brook was searched,，,but the body of the schoolmaster was not to be discovered.,The mysterious event caused much speculation at the church on the following Sunday.Knots,（一群人）,of gazers and gossips were collected in the churchyard,，,at the bridge,，,and at the spot where the hat and pumpkin had been found.,It is true,，,an old farmer,，,who had been down to New York on a visit several years after,，,and from whom this account of the ghostly adventure was received,，,brought home the intelligence that Ichabod Crane was still alive,；,that he had left the neighborhood partly through fear of the goblin and Hans Van Ripper,，,and partly in,mortification,（屈辱）,at having been suddenly dismissed by the,heiress,（女继承人）,；,that he had changed his quarters to a distant part of the country,；,had kept school and studied law at the same time,；,had been admitted to the bar,；,turned politician,；,electioneered,；,written for the newspapers,；,and finally had been made a justice of the ten pound,court,（法庭）,.,The Ending of Brom Bones,Brom Bones,，,too,，,who,，,shortly after his,rivals,（对手）,disappearance conducted the blooming Katrina in,triumph,（胜利）,to the altar,，,was observed to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related,，,and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin,；,which led some to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he chose to tell.,