托福写作句型.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,TOFEL iBT Writing,文如其人,Reports that say that something,hasnt happened are always,interesting to me,because as,we know,there are known,knowns,there are things we,know we know.We also know,there are known unknowns,that,is to say we know there are,somethings we do not know.But,there are also,unknownunknowns the ones,we dont know we dont know.,就我们所知，有些事情早已是众所周知的。有些事情我们知道自己知道。我们也知道，有些事情早已是已知的未知，这也就是说，我们现在知道了，有些事情我们其实并不知道。但也有一些事情是未知的未知,这些事，我们并不知道自己不知道。,文如其人,This university was founded,with the support of our country,to further the ties between our two nations.,他彻夜都能听见大自然深沉而自由的呼吸。,All night long he can hear Nature breathing,deeply,and,freely,.,R.L.Stevenson,Travels with a donkey,“,你们要进窄门。因为引到灭亡，那门是宽的，路是大的，进去的人也多；引到永生，那门是窄的，路是小的，找着的人也少。”,圣经：新约,马太福音,7,章,13-14,节，第,8,页,TOFEL iBT Writing,Integrated Writing,（,20,）,Independent Writing,（,30,）,独立写作攻略,独立写作评分标准,独立写作的写作语言,独立写作构思与结构,独立写作开头、结尾、主题句、发展写法,优秀的男人,VS.,优秀的文章,优秀的男人,做人要大方,做事要有分寸,做事要善始善终,优秀的文章,字数,分段,开头段和检查,官方的说法是：“,An effective response is typically about 300 words long.If you write fewer than 300 words,，,you may still receive a top score,，,but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”,。,机经的分析,(TOPIC and TASK),2009,年,1,月,24,日托福独立写作考题,你认为没有共同兴趣和个性的人能彼此成为朋友吗,OG2,25,页第,4,题,2009,年,5,月,31,日托福独立写作考题,People will spend less time on cooking food.A/D,OG,216,页第,3,题,2006,年,1.14,同,185,题库,28,题,3.25,同,185,题库,84,题,4.8,同,2005,年,12.3,6.17,同,2005,年,12.16,7.15,同,2006,年,1.6,7.29,同,185,题库,71,题,9.9,同,185,题库,47,题,9.15,同,2005,年,12.17,9.23,同,185,题库,66,题,10.15,同,2006,年,8.18,10.22,同,2006,年,3.17,10.28,同,2006,年,2.3,11.3,同,2006,年,9.9,11.17,同,2006,年,1.21,11.18,同,185,题库,74,题,12.1,同,2006,年,9.23,12.3,同,185,题库,72,题,12.8,同,2006,年,4.8,12.10,同,185,题,库,41,题,12.13,同,185,题库,68,题,12.15,同,2006,年,3.,25,12.16,同,185,题库,62,题,2007,年,1.6,同,2006,年,2.3,1.13,同,2006,年,12.13,1.14,同,2006,年,12.14,1.19,同,2006,年,3.3,1.27,同,2006,年,4.28,2.10,同,2006,年,2.3,2.27,同,2007,年,2.10,3.3,同,2006,年,8.26,3.7,同,2007,年,3.4,3.10,同,2006,年,5.12,3.23,同,185,题库,57,6.30,同,2006,年,5.26,9.8,同,2006,年,2.11,2008,年,1.5,同,185,题库,62,题,1.13,同,06,年,10.21,1.19,同,06,年,11.5,2.16,同,185,题库,72,题,2.23,同,185,题库,81,题,2.24,同,06,年,10.29,3.1,同,185,题库,38,题,3.2,同,185,题库,74,题,3.8,同,185,题库,27,3.29,同,185,题库,135,4.27,同,185,题库,68,题,5.10,同,07,年,5.5,5.17,同,185,题库,57,题,5.31,同,185,题库,108,题,机经分析结论,只考,AorD,题以及,P,题,重复,185,题库的题目,重复已经考过的题目,可以转化为,185,题库的题目,评分标准,OG P209,独立写作评分标准,effectively,:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result,organized,:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure,developed,:to make an idea clearer by explaining it further,explanation,:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sth,unity,:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing way,progression,:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another,独立写作评分标准,coherence,:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a whole,consistent,:always behaving in the same way,or having the same opinions standard,details,He is rich.,He owns a large company and has an annual income of 20 million dollars.,details,1)You should stop smoking now.,You should give up smoking now,for the sake of your own health,for the sake of the health of others,for the sake of your family,and for the sake of the entire world.,2)Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby,while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.,Doctors think that an active person,such as a baseball player or a swimmer,should have a restful hobby such as reading,collections of stamps,dolls,buttons or shells and so on,while a person who sits at a desk all day,such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as tennis,golf,swimming or skating.,3)A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.,A child with a problem,then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism,will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice,leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.,4)We can be informed of a lot by reading books.,By reading scientific books,we can be informed of many facts;by reading geography,we know the earth surface,forms,physical features and so on;by reading history,we are told of the growth of the nations.,5)Wed better to keep company with the true friends.,As friends are both helpful and disastrous,it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful,encouraging and loyal,but to avoid those who are mean,stingy and treacherous.,unity,progression,coherence,In any relationship of mine,，,I would wish that first of all,，,the person I am dealing with is honest.Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldnt like,，,he/shed better tell me the truth and not lie about it.Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else,，,thatd be much more unpleasant.In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.So if I cannot trust a person anymore,，,if the person doesnt think I can handle the truth,，,there is no point to continuing that relationship.,unity,progression,coherence,The people lining up in the embassy are applying for a variety of visas.Some applicants want student visas.Other applicants want resident visas.The other applicants want tourist visas.Applying for resident visas is very difficult;one has to meet a lot of requirements.According to a recent survey,，,the largest number of applicants are applying for tourist visas.The number of people applying for student visas comes in second.Among all the applicants,，,only a fraction want resident visas.,Appropriate Word Choice,VQ,（,Vocabulary Quotient,）,词汇进化,词汇替换,“,一些人认为”,Some,无数的,numerous,myriad (a myriad of),在周末我们做很多作业。,A:At weekends,we have a lot of homework to do.B:At weekends,we have endless homework to do.,大量的,A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable),number of,A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable),amount of,A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable),quantity of,A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable),portion of,对半的,almost half of,nearly half of,close to half of,approximately half of,大多的,the(vast/overwhelming)majority of,“,一些人认为”,people,公众,the public,各行各业,people from all walks of life,people from everytrade,people from avarietyofindustries,people ofallkinds,people fromdifferentwalksoflife,awiderangeof readers/audiences,学生,examinees,testees,students,支持者,/,反对者,followers objectors,consenters dissenters,advocates opponents,supporters discommenders,参与者,participants,candidates,interviewees,“,一些人认为”,think,assume,argue,hold,claim,suggest,declare,deem,assert,state,insist,maintain,doubt,suspect,支持,give ones support for,express ones support for,show ones support for,demonstrate ones support for,赞成,/,反对,vote for/against,ballot for/against,cast ones vote/ballotfor/against,side with,stand on the side of,接受,take the advise that,follow the suggestionthat,accept the opinion/idea that,意见是,ones viewpoint is that,be with the view that,It is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that,词汇替换,Chairman is the _(,重要的,)figure in managing board.,important,essential,pivotal,principal,chief,momentous,fateful,significant,dominant,leading,largely,chiefly,predominantly,洗澡间和厨房都很,好,。,A:The bathroom and the kitchen are good.,B:The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.,好好学习,好好孝敬父母,好好对女朋友,好好对男朋友,好工作,好学校,引起人们注意,claim/call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.,意识到,there is a growing awareness/realization of/that,awaken sb.to the fact/danger,适应新的形势,/,变化：,adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change,接触各种思想,/,经历：,be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems,接触社会：,come into frequent/close contact with the world/society,获得成功：,achieve/accomplish success,提出观点,/,建议：,advance/put forward/come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions,作出努力：,make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth.,take great pains to do(with work/study),影响学习,/,工作：,interfere with studies/work,产生影响：,have/exert a profound influence on life/personality,have a dramatic/undesirable effect on,较好地驾驭生活：,be a better pilot of ones life,剥夺机会,/,权力：,deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity,取代旧的方式：,substitute for/take the place of the old way,采取措施：,take effective steps/measures to,控制我们的环境：,take increasing control over our own environment,躲避危险,/,挑战：,run away from the dangers/challenge,满足要求：,meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of,补偿损失：,compensate for/make up for the loss/damage,解释某现象：,account for/explain the phenomenon,对,很好的了解：,have a better understanding/appreciation of,have a new perspective on,provide/gain an insight into,把某因素考虑进去：,take sth.into account(consideration),give much thought to,培养对,的信心：,develop/foster ones interest/confidence in,经历变化,/,困难,/,艰险：,undergo/experience great changes,（,hardships/experience,）,发挥,/,起到重要作用：,play an(important/active/great)role/part,知识,/,经验丰富：,rich in knowledge/experience,确立,/,追求目标：,set/pursue a goal/higher standard,到达目标：,achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective,克服困难：,overcome obstacles/difficulty,面临危险,/,困难：,be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty,阻碍了成功：,stand in the way of success,be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth,阻碍了发展：,hamper/impede/stunt the development of,持传统的看法：,hold conventional wisdom,发表看法：,voice/express ones opinion,持相反,/,合理的观点：,take the opposite/fresh view,揭穿某种一贯的说法：,shatter the myth of,把成功,/,错误归咎于：,attribute/own the success/failure to,对,重要：,be indispensable/important/vital to,重视：,assign/attach much importance/significance to,强调：,place/put much emphasis/stress/value on,把注意力集中在：,focus/concentrate ones attention/efforts/thoughts upon,提供机会,/,信息：,provide/offer/furnish an opportunity for sb.,抓住机会：,grab/seize/take the opportunity,得到机会：,enjoy/gain access to an opportunity,有可能：,there is(little/much)possibility that,展开竞争：,compete against/with sb.for sth.,开展运动：,conduct(undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide)campaign(for/against),对我很有,/,没有什么意义：,make much sense to me,带来无穷的幸福,/,满足：,be a source of,happiness/satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint,献身于：,devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a career,真正重要的是：,what really matters/accounts is,改变生活旅程：,change/alter the course of life,建立在大量的学习,/,实践上：,built on tremendous amount of study/practice,进行调查,/,执行任务：,conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment,辞去工作,/,学习：,leave/quit ones job/work/school,参加考试,/,竞赛等：,enter(for)the examination/contest/race,参加活动,/,讨论：,take part/participate/be engaged in,sports/activities/discussion,影响思想,/,态度,/,事件的形成：,shape ones thinking/attitude,进入大学,/,社会,/,家庭,/,劳力市场,/,职业：,enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals,实现自己的理想,/,愿望：,realize/fulfill/achieve ones drea(hopes/wish/desire),减轻压力,/,紧张：,reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension,提高社会地位：,enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing,rise to the position of leadership,提高技术,/,能力：,sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)ones skill/ability,加快,/,促进发展：,accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of,随着生活节奏的加快：,with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society,开阔眼界,/,兴趣：,broaden ones interest/outlook expand(broaden/enlarge)ones mental horizons,有助于了解,/,发展,/,宣传,/,解决：,contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of,有助于解决问题：,go a long way to(towards/in)solving the problem,迷恋名利,/,财富：,be obsessed/preoccupied with fame/fortune,把时间花,/,浪费在：,spend/waste time doing sth.,put in hours doing sth.,利用机会,/,技术：,make(full/better)use of opportunity/time,take advantage of opportunity/time,把知识,/,经验运用到,：,apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience to practice/daily life/good use,取得进步：,make much progress/strides/gains in,充分发挥潜力,/,能力：,develop ones ability/potential to the full,give full play to ones ability,充满激情,/,渴望：,have a burning desire/a great passion for,“,炼字”方法,1.,词汇意义的细化,Chairman is the _(,重要的,)figure in managing board.,important,essential,pivotal,principal,chief,momentous,fateful,significant,dominant,leading,largely,chiefly,predominantly,2.,中文释义的甄别,ambiguous,3.,英文解释的使用,dedicate,题献？,dedicate,to inscribe or address by way of compliment,韦氏大学词典,dedicate something to someone to say at the beginning of something such as a book or song that it has been written for a person you love or admire,麦克米兰词典,If someone dedicate something such as a book,play,or a piece of music to you,they mention your name,for example in front of a book or when a piece of music is performed,as a way of showing affection or respect for you.,柯林斯词典,（三）对词汇用法的研究,语料库,柯林斯词典语料库（离线）,现代美语语料库,汉英平行语料库,红楼梦平行语料库,小许语料天涯,www.americancorpus.org,补遗：用语料库解决写作中的语法问题,英汉双语平行语料库,语法词,一、名词的分类,二、名词分类模糊性,In fact,women need to be respected enough to hold professional and,leadership,jobs in our community.,Many of the famous scientists and,leaders,are women,from Marie Curie to Margaret Thatcher.,二、名词分类模糊性,The great book changed her outlook on,life,.,They are ready to give their,lives,for their country.,三、名词的三种所有格形式及表达,三种所有格形式,（,1,）,s,或,（,2,）,of,（,3,）双重所有格,写作中避免低级语法失误,A,表示天体的名词的所有格用“,s”,。,地球的环境,B,表示地区机构的名词的所有格用“,s”,。,世界的发展,政府的计划,C,表示度量与货币价值的所有格用“,s”,。,价值,200,美元的自行车,D,表示“有关,”,非所有关系的用,of,介词短语。,垃圾问题,写作中避免低级语法失误,E,表示同位关系的用,of,介词短语。,化学系,庄先湾路,鸟乌,F,表示部分或全部的用,of,介词短语。,大部分人,一小部分吸烟者,G,表示抽象概念的用,of,介词短语。,生活费用,吸烟的习惯,H,名词本身带有后置修饰语或含有“,the,形容词”表示一类人，其所有格用,of,介词短语。,吸二手烟的人的身心健康,无家可归的人的卫生保健问题,I,复合名词或短语，,s,加在最后一个词的词尾。,一两个月的锻炼,主谓一致,一、名词作主语时，谓语动词必须和它的主语的人称、数保持一致。,随着快餐越来越受欢迎，传统食品的特色正在削弱。,主谓一致,The strikingly new forms of architecture that appeared in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries were built to meet the needs of industry and of commerce based on industry,in a society whose essential character and internal relationships had been sharply transformed by the Industrial Revolution.,主谓一致,二、集体名词做主语，谓语动词可单可复，单数强,调整体，复数强调个体。,爱好看电视的人正在迅速增加。（,public,）,电视最新的观众是肥猫胖狗。（,audience,）,中国电视观众现在达到,1.2,亿。,The United States government _,（,share,）,governmental powers with the states under the federal system established by the United States Constitution.,主谓一致,三、用,and,连接的名词做主语，谓语动词用,复数。,尼古丁和焦油是香烟中含有的两种最具危害性的化学物质。,主谓一致,They could see the architectural monuments,sculptures,plays,and poems,that,were being rediscovered,but they could not actually hear ancient music-although they could read the writings of classical philosophers,poets,essayists,and music theorists,that,were becoming available in translation.,主谓一致,四、,as well as,和名词连用，谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。,Television program producers,as well as,columnists and writers,are always aware of what the public want to see,therefore tend to pander to tastes of the public.,主谓一致,煎炸食品和汉堡包对孩子们身体的成长有害。,主谓一致,五、,either.or,neithernor,not onlybut also,连接名词时，“就近原则”。,听舒缓的音乐、大笑、看一部好电影或享受按摩立刻减轻你的压力。,代词,易混淆的不定代词,both,all,either,neither,every one,（,everyone,everybody,）,【,辨析,】,联系：,都能单独使用,区别：,1.,前者可与,of,连用，后者不能,2.,前者可指人指物，后者指人,同类的还有：,any one(anyone,a