自修课一：如何破解阅读障碍.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,自修课一：,如何破解阅读障碍,怎样突破,生僻,词汇,一,无关紧要的词汇“,跳过去,”,1,怎样突破生僻词汇,在考试中，有,百分之十,的生词都不会干扰你做题。,跳,过去,Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University,某个大学,斜体的单词,某本书、杂志、电影的名称或某个专业术语,影响阅读的词汇“,猜出来,”,2,怎样突破生僻词汇,定义和解释,01,为了准确地说明一件事物的性质和特征，作者常常会运用一些,概念,和一些,特定的词汇,对该事物进行,直接或间接的解释,。考生通过解释性的说明来理解概念和特定词汇就成了一项重要的阅读技能。,怎样突破生僻词汇,定义和解释,01,【,示例,】(2014,辽宁高考阅读,B),This is the reason why the word,belated,was invented.“Happy belated birthday,！,”,is short for:“Well,I know I forgot,but then I remembered.Forgive me and happy birthday.”,分析：,通过,“,Well,I know I forgot,but then I remembered.Forgive me and happy birthday.,”,对,Happy belated birthday,！的解释可知，,belated,表示,“,迟来的,”,。,怎样突破生僻词汇,描述和例证,02,描述,即作者为帮助考生更深入和感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物所做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。,例证,是作者通过举例的方式来说明某一词汇。尤其通过考生比较熟悉的现象和情况对比较难的词汇做出生动的说明，以使考生对该词汇产生正确的认知和理解。因此可以通过描述和例证对生词加以推测。,怎样突破生僻词汇,描述和例证,02,【,示例,1】(2014,新课标全国卷,阅读,B),Sadly,the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their,undoing,.Where the birds were most abundant,people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain,waited until pigeons had settled to feed,then threw large nets over them,taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.,分析：,根据下文的描述可知，人们认为旅鸽的数量大便开始大量捕杀它们，最终导致它们灭绝。故,undoing,意为,“,灭绝,”,。,怎样突破生僻词汇,描述和例证,02,【,示例,2】(2014,江西高考阅读,D),With the communication,gadgets,such as mobile phones and iPads,people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.,分析：,根据,such as,后面的例证,“,mobile phones and iPads,”,可知，,gadgets,指通信工具。,怎样突破生僻词汇,同义和反义,03,同义和反义,是两种修辞手法。在阅读理解中，作者经常使用多个同义词或近义词来避免重复，,有时候则将两个或多个同义词放在一起以示强调,；,反义词的作用主要是突出某个词的特征或含义,。用同义词猜词，,一看,and,或,or,连接的同义词词组，,二看,在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。通过反义词猜词，,一看,表转折关系的连词或副词，,二看,与,not,搭配的或表示否定意味的词语。,怎样突破生僻词汇,同义和反义,03,【,示例,1】(2014,福建高考阅读,A),As we walked up to her,my son became,intimidated,by all the blood and medical equipment.He said he was just too scared to go up to her.,分析：,根据上下文可知，所猜之词和后面句子中的,scared,应为同义词，故,intimidated,意为,“,害怕的；恐惧的,”,。,怎样突破生僻词汇,同义和反义,03,【,示例,2】(2014,北京高考阅读,D),But while,e-shops,can use sights and sounds,only bricks-andmortar stores(,实体店,)can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.,分析：,e-shops,是本文中的生词，从,only,可知，后文,bricks,and,mortar stores(,实体店,),可知与本词意义相反，并借助构词法,(,前缀,e,意为,“,电子的，电脑的，网上的,”,),，可知此处,e-shops,意为,“,网店,”,。,怎样突破生僻词汇,平行关系,04,上下文中有可能会有和生词所处的句子,相平行的句子,，找出其中和生词相对应的处于同一地位的词或句子去推测。,怎样突破生僻词汇,平行关系,04,【,示例,2】(2014,陕西高考阅读,B),My father visited an O,Henry expert at Columbia University in New York,who,authenticated,the story as O,Henrys.,My father then set out to sell it.,分析：,通过和,authenticated,所在句子并列的,“,My father then set out to sell it.,”,可知，既然找专家鉴定后拿出去卖了，那么就可以证明这本手稿是真正的欧,亨利的作品。因此,authenticate,的意思是,“,证明,(,某物,),为真,”,。,怎样突破生僻词汇,构词法,05,英语是一种拼音文字，字母根据一定的规律组合为单词。究其规律，我们发现许多单词都是通过,词根,和,前后缀,及,单词的组合,演变而来的：词根为单词的意义提供了一个最基本的意思，而前后缀则对单词加以修饰或改变。在阅读文章时如果碰到有些很难通过上下文来推断词义的生词时，构词法就该派上用场了。,怎样突破生僻词汇,构词法,05,2014,重庆高考完形,s,howerhead,“,淋浴头,”,2014,山东高考完形,courageous,courage,加后缀,ous,构成了形容词，意为,“,勇敢的；有胆量的,”,）,2014,广东高考完形,untidiness,tidy(,整洁,),加名词后缀,ness,和否定前缀,un,构成的，意为,“,不整洁；凌乱,”,。,怎样破译,长难句,二,理解长难句的,类型,1,怎样破译长难句,带从句的句子,01,从句,包括,名词性从句,(,主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,),，定语从句以及状语从句,。带从句的句子之所以难理解，是因为有时主句、从句难以分清，从而造成句子结构的混乱。,怎样破译长难句,带从句的句子,01,【,示例,2】(2014,福建高考阅读,E),Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(,比例,)to the benefits they bring,because their energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power stations they are supposed to replace.,主句,从句,定语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,定语从句,定语从句,译文：,那些不同意快速发展风力发电厂的人说它们造成的危害与它们带来的益处不成比例，因为它们的发电量比不上它们理应取代的以碳为原料的发电站。,怎样破译长难句,带非谓语动词短语的句子,02,非谓语动词有三种形式，即,动词不定式、动词的,ing,形式和动词的,ed,形式,。它们不能作句子的谓语，但可以作谓语之外的其他句子成分，而且可以像谓语动词一样有自己的宾语或由其他成分修饰。由于不能作谓语，它们不像句子的谓语动词带有自己的主语，但它们绝大多数,都有自己的逻辑主语,。,怎样破译长难句,带非谓语动词短语的句子,02,【,示例,2】(2014,湖北高考阅读,E),In fact,according to Wilk,the car and the elevator have been locked in a“secret war”for over a century,with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (,水平地,),and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical columns.,with,复合结构,宾语补足语,译文：,事实上，按照威尔克的观点，汽车和电梯被锁进一场,“,秘密的战争,”,达一个世纪，汽车让人们水平地运动成为可能，电梯推动他们在一个垂直的塔柱中朝着生活迈进。,形式宾语,真正宾语,怎样破译长难句,带插入语的句子,03,在阅读中，很多句子中间会插入,其他词、短语或从句,，表示一些附加解释、说明，或总结或表示说话者的态度和看法，或仅仅是承上启下，使句子与前面的语句衔接的更紧密一些。这些被称为插入语。,多数插入语位于主语和谓语动词之间，有时也位于句首或句末,，因而对考生的理解造成一定的干扰，特别是比较长的插入语。,怎样破译长难句,带插入语的句子,03,【,示例,2】(2014,重庆高考阅读,C),Sadly,biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much,and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet,resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.,插入语，用来说明破折号前面的原因,译文：,不幸的是，生理上的事实使我们在没有人工帮助的前提下不能这样做,我们太沉了，全身的重量向下压着我们相对很小的双脚，导致很大的压力使我们向下沉。,掌握长难句的分析方法,提取主干法,2,首先把长难句分解成若干个简单句。按照句子成分，找出句子主干。,1,找出连词和关系词，确定句与句、短语与短语之间的关系，确定主句和从句。,2,分析主句与从句的成分，识别谓语动词，判断谓语动词的时态和语态，接着看该句中是否有非谓语动词、倒装、省略、插入成分、独立成分、同位成分等。,3,语法分析可以按照下列步骤来操作：,2026/5/28 周四,分析主句与从句、从句与从句、主句与非谓语动词之间的关系。同时，考虑上下文、文化背景，从总体上把握句子的字面含义以及字里行间的深层含义。,4,怎样破译长难句,掌握长难句的分析方法,提取主干法,00,【,示例,】(2014,新课标全国卷,阅读,A),He reported the case to the police and then sat there,lost and lonely in strange city,thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.,主句,译文：,他向警方报案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤单，想想从一个遥远的国家把那么多文件重新整理一遍会有多大麻烦，而自己还要尽力在一个新的国度里安顿下来。,形容词短语作伴随状语,现在分词短语作伴随状语,状语从句的省略,怎样理清文章的,篇章结构,三,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,倒三角形写作法,(),01,即,主题句出现在文首,。开门见山，提出主题，随之用节来支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014,重庆高考完形,)Cultural differences occur wherever you go.When visiting another country,you should be aware of those differences and,28.respect,them.Here are some,29.tips,on how to fit in.,Every traveler to a foreign country feels,30.awkward,at some point.What you do can make locals laugh.Your best defense is a sense of,31.humor,.If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India,locals will warm to you as“that crazy foreigner.”,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Wearing proper clothes is important too,32.for,locals will judge you by what you wear.In some Middle Eastern countries,exposing your flesh is,33.forbidden,_especially if you are a woman.So leave your torn jeans at home.,Also be cautious about expressing,34.emotions,.Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.In some countries it is,35.unwise,to kiss in public.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,总体说明不同国家有着不同的风俗，提议大家入乡随俗。,点明,主题,从三个方面分别介绍入乡随俗,行为方式方面,穿衣方面,情感表达方面,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,正三角形写作法,(),02,即,主题句出现在文尾,。在表述细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014,浙江高考完形,)I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to see me.I was a new,21.teacher,_and I gave an honest account of the students work.In Simons case,the grades were awfully low.He couldnt read his own handwriting.,22.But,he was a bright student.He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his,23.abilities,.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,So when Simons mother entered the room,my palms(,手掌心,)were sweating.I was completely,24.unprepared,for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you,，,”,she said,surprising me beyond speech.,25.Because,_,of,me,Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he,26.loved,me,he had began to make friends,and for the first time in his twelve years,he had,27.recently,spent an afternoon at a friends house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the,28.selfrespect,I had nurtured(,培养,)in her son.She kissed me again and left.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,I sat,stunned(,惊呆,),for about half an hour,29.wondering,what had just happened.How did I make such a lifechanging difference to that boy without,30.even,_ knowing it?What I finally came to,31.remember,was one day,several months before,when some students were,32.giving,reports in the front of the class,Jeanne spoke,33.quietly,_and to encourage her to raise her voice,I had said,“Speak up.Simons the expert on this.He is the,34.only,one you have to convince,and he cant hear you in the,35.back,of the room.”That was it.From that day on,Simon had sat up straighter,paid more attention,36.smiled,more,and became happy.And it was all because he,37.happened,to be the last kid in the last row.The boy who most needed,38.praise,was the one who took the last seat that day.,It taught me the most,39.valuable,lesson over the years of my teaching career,and Im thankful that it came,40.early,and positively.A small kindness can indeed make a difference.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,情节一：描述一位学生聪明，但学习很差,情节二：这位学生的母亲来向我致谢，我有点摸不着头脑,情节三：回忆了几个月前发生的一件事情，当时鼓励了一个学生,归纳三个段落，只为说明一个事情的来龙去脉,我的表扬和鼓励使一位学生发生了重大改变,归纳要点，点明主题,小小的善举却能产生重大的作用。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,圆形写作法,(),03,即,首尾呼应的写作方法,。突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为常见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014,广东高考完形,)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again,teenagers have,1.similar,feelings about their parents,saying that it is not easy living with them.According to a recent research,the most common,2.argument,between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks.On the one hand,parents go mad over_,3.messy,rooms,clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the,4.housework,.On the other hand,teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for,5.dropping,the towel in the bathroom,not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,The research,conducted by St.George University,shows that different parents have different,6.approaches,to these problems.However,some approaches are more,7.successful,than others.For example,those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness,but,8.later,clean the room for them,have fewer chances of changing their childrens,9.behaviour,.On the contrary,those who let teenagers experience the,10.consequences,of their actions can do better.For example,when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator,they are forced to,11.reconsider,their actions.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Psychologists say that,munication,is the most important thing in parentchild relationships.Parents should,13.talk,to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say.Parents may,14.scold,their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.Communication is a twoway process.It is only by listening to and,15.understanding,each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,开门见山，点明主题,父母和孩子均表示住在一起不容易，然后指出在哪些方面存在争论。,紧扣主题，详写论证,父母对于问题的处理方式会导致不同的结果。,首尾呼应，升华主题,介绍解决问题的关键是沟通，只有通过倾听和理解才能解决父母和孩子相处难的问题。结尾和开头相呼应，并进一步升华。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,菱形写作法,(),04,即,主题句出现在文章的中间,。通常前面先提出一种社会现象或事例，然后引申出文章的中心或主题，而后又对其作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014,广东高考阅读,B)It was a cold winter day.A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth(,收费站,),“,Im paying for myself,and for the six cars behind me,，,”,she said with a smile,handing over seven tickets.One after another,the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed,“Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.”,It turned out that the woman,Natalie Smith,had read something on a friends refrigerator:“,Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.,”The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days,she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful,，,”,she said,explaining why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters,“like a message from above.”Her husband,Frank,liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students,one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson,a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper,admitting that though she liked it,she didnt know where it came from or what it really meant.,Two days later,Alice got a call from Anne Herbert,a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper,after turning it around in her mind for days.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,“Heres the idea,”Anne says.“Anything you think there should be more of,do it randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools,leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town,and giving money secretly to a proud old lady.Anne says,“,Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can,.”,The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid,who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like all great events,kindness begins slowly,with every single act.Let it be yours,！,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,导引,用,Natalie Smith,的事例引出下文主题。,主旨,本段为文章的中心，画线句为主题句。,阐释一,三个人都见到了这句话，但却未完全领悟。,阐释二,Anne Herbert,真正领悟了这句话，并打算付诸行动。,升华,偶尔为之的善举可以传播，因此愿大家都能把善意传递下去。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,正方形写作法,(),05,即,主题句隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句,。在这种情况下，我们的注意力应放在文章的主要内容上。,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,(2014,福建高考阅读,D)Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money.Strange as it may seem,if youre unsatisfied,the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes.,Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(,能力,)to enjoy life.Most people are already swamped(,淹没,)with things.They eat,wear,go and talk too much.,They live in too big a house with too many rooms,yet their house of life is a hut.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Your house of life ought to be a mansion(,豪宅,),a royal palace.Every new taste,every additional interest,every fresh enthusiasm adds a room.Here are several rooms your house of life should have.,Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things.If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them,，,they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when youre hungry.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,Literature,classic literature,is a beautiful,richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment.To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person,for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.,Music like Mozarts and Bachs shouldnt be absent.Real riches are of the spirit.And when youve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk,you have increased your thrills and bettered them.And life is a matter of thrills.,Sports,without which you remain poor,mean a lot in life.No matter who you are,you would be more human,and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days,if you could,and did,play a bit.,Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life,the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.,怎样理清文章的篇章结构,第一部分,提出问题：物质与幸福的关系,第二部分,太多的人迷失在物质中,第三部分,从四个方面论述精神方面的追求,第四部分,学会享受生活,归纳主题,衡量幸福生活的不是物质财富的多少，真正的幸福来自精神的满足,Goodbye!,